# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-11-07 12:11+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: node #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:13 #, no-wrap msgid "Manifesto" msgstr "" #. type: top #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:14 /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet #: OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:18 #, no-wrap msgid "The GNU Manifesto" msgstr "" #. type: node #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:17 #, no-wrap msgid "Top" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:27 msgid "" "The GNU Manifesto which appears below was written by Richard Stallman at the " "beginning of the GNU project, to ask for participation and support. For the " "first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, " "but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:31 msgid "" "Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that " "different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added in 1993 help clarify " "these points." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:35 msgid "" "For up-to-date information about available GNU software, please see our web " "site, @uref{https://www.gnu.org}. For software tasks and other ways to " "contribute, see @uref{https://www.gnu.org/help}." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:37 #, no-wrap msgid "What's GNU@? Gnu's Not Unix!" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:57 msgid "" "GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete " "Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it " "away free to everyone who can use it.@footnote{The wording here was " "careless. The intention was that nobody would have to pay for " "@emph{permission} to use the GNU system. But the words don't make this " "clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should " "always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; " "later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the " "service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to " "distinguish carefully between ``free'' in the sense of freedom and ``free'' " "in the sense of price. Free software is software that users have the " "freedom to distribute and change. Some users may obtain copies at no " "charge, while others pay to obtain copies---and if the funds help support " "improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is that " "everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using " "it.} Several other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, " "programs and equipment are greatly needed." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:70 msgid "" "So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a " "source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and " "around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A " "new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released " "this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to " "emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be " "possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We " "will use @TeX{} as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We " "will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add " "a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other " "things, plus on-line documentation. We hope to supply, eventually, " "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:80 msgid "" "GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. " "We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience " "with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer file " "names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, file name completion " "perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a " "Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary " "Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as " "system programming languages. We will try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, " "and Internet protocols for communication." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:85 msgid "" "GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual " "memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on. The extra " "effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants " "to use it on them." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:88 msgid "" "To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the ``G'' in the word ``GNU'' " "when it is the name of this project." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:89 #, no-wrap msgid "Why I Must Write GNU" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:100 msgid "" "I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must " "share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the " "users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I " "refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good " "conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. " "For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such " "tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: " "I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me " "against my will." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:105 msgid "" "So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to " "put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to " "get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the " "AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:106 #, no-wrap msgid "Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:112 msgid "" "Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential features " "of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks " "without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix would be " "convenient for many other people to adopt." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:113 #, no-wrap msgid "How GNU Will Be Available" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:119 msgid "" "GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and " "redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further " "redistribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be " "allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:120 #, no-wrap msgid "Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:124 msgid "" "I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to " "help." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:135 msgid "" "Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system " "software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them to " "feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel as " "comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the " "sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used essentially " "forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The purchaser of software " "must choose between friendship and obeying the law. Naturally, many decide " "that friendship is more important. But those who believe in law often do " "not feel at ease with either choice. They become cynical and think that " "programming is just a way of making money." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:142 msgid "" "By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can be " "hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as an " "example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing. This " "can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use software that " "is not free. For about half the programmers I talk to, this is an important " "happiness that money cannot replace." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:143 #, no-wrap msgid "How You Can Contribute" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:147 msgid "" "I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. I'm " "asking individuals for donations of programs and work." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:152 msgid "" "One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run " "on them at an early date. The machines should be complete, ready to use " "systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of " "sophisticated cooling or power." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:165 msgid "" "I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for " "GNU@. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard " "to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together. But " "for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A " "complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is " "documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix " "compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a " "single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a " "Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even " "allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these " "components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer " "communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:172 msgid "" "If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part " "time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but I'm looking " "for people for whom building community spirit is as important as making " "money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their " "full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in " "another way." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:173 #, no-wrap msgid "Why All Computer Users Will Benefit" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:181 msgid "" "Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software " "free, just like air.@footnote{This is another place I failed to distinguish " "carefully between the two different meanings of ``free.'' The statement as " "it stands is not false---you can get copies of GNU software at no charge, " "from your friends or over the net. But it does suggest the wrong idea.}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:186 msgid "" "This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license. " "It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be " "avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:192 msgid "" "Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result, a user " "who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself, or " "hire any available programmer or company to make them for him. Users will " "no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the " "sources and is in sole position to make changes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:199 msgid "" "Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by " "encouraging all students to study and improve the system code. Harvard's " "computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on " "the system if its sources were not on public display, and upheld it by " "actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very much inspired by " "this." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:202 msgid "" "Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what " "one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:213 msgid "" "Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including licensing of " "copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome " "mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, which programs) a " "person must pay for. And only a police state can force everyone to obey " "them. Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great " "cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the " "metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can " "afford to pay the air bill. And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you " "ever take the mask off are outrageous. It's better to support the air plant " "with a head tax and chuck the masks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:216 msgid "" "Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as " "breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free." msgstr "" #. type: unnumberedsec #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:217 #, no-wrap msgid "Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:222 msgid "" "``Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't rely on " "any support.''" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:225 msgid "``You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:230 msgid "" "If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without " "service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU " "free ought to be profitable.@footnote{Several such companies now exist.}" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:235 msgid "" "We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work and " "mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on from a " "software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough people, the vendor " "will tell you to get lost." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:244 msgid "" "If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way is to " "have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any available " "person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any individual. " "With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most " "businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is still possible for there to " "be no available competent person, but this problem cannot be blamed on " "distribution arrangements. GNU does not eliminate all the world's problems, " "only some of them." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:248 msgid "" "Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need handholding: " "doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don't know " "how." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:256 msgid "" "Such services could be provided by companies that sell just hand-holding and " "repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a " "product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having " "got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and " "price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us " "who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying " "for the service." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:260 msgid "" "``You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must charge for " "the program to support that.''" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:262 msgid "``It's no use advertising a program people can get free.''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:271 msgid "" "There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to " "inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU@. But it may be " "true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising. If this " "is really so, a business which advertises the service of copying and mailing " "GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its advertising and " "more. This way, only the users who benefit from the advertising pay for it." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:284 msgid "" "On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such " "companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really " "necessary to spread GNU@. Why is it that free market advocates don't want " "to let the free market decide this?@footnote{The Free Software Foundation " "raises most of its funds from a distribution service, although it is a " "charity rather than a company. If @emph{no one} chooses to obtain copies by " "ordering from the FSF, it will be unable to do its work. But this does not " "mean that proprietary restrictions are justified to force every user to " "pay. If a small fraction of all the users order copies from the FSF, that " "is sufficient to keep the FSF afloat. So we ask users to choose to support " "us in this way. Have you done your part?}" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:288 msgid "" "``My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive " "edge.''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:297 msgid "" "GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition. " "You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but neither will your " "competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and they will compete in " "other areas, while benefiting mutually in this one. If your business is " "selling an operating system, you will not like GNU, but that's tough on " "you. If your business is something else, GNU can save you from being pushed " "into the expensive business of selling operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:302 msgid "" "I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many " "manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.@footnote{A group of " "computer companies recently pooled funds to support maintenance of the GNU C " "Compiler.}" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:305 msgid "``Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:312 msgid "" "If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be " "a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the " "results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative " "programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the " "use of these programs." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:315 msgid "``Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:321 msgid "" "There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize " "one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive. But " "the means customary in the field of software today are based on destruction." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:327 msgid "" "Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is " "destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that the " "program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity " "derives from the program. When there is a deliberate choice to restrict, " "the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:335 msgid "" "The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become " "wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become poorer from the " "mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden Rule. Since " "I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards information, I " "am required to consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the desire " "to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in " "general of all or part of that creativity." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:338 msgid "``Won't programmers starve?''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:344 msgid "" "I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot " "manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces. But we " "are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing on the street " "making faces, and starving. We do something else." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:348 msgid "" "But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's implicit " "assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly " "be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:352 msgid "" "The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be " "possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as now." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:358 msgid "" "Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. It is " "the most common basis because it brings in the most money. If it were " "prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to " "other bases of organization which are now used less often. There are always " "numerous ways to organize any kind of business." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:364 msgid "" "Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is " "now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not considered " "an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do. If " "programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either. (In " "practice they would still make considerably more than that.)" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:367 msgid "``Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is used?''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:372 msgid "" "``Control over the use of one's ideas'' really constitutes control over " "other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more " "difficult." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:388 msgid "" "People who have studied the issue of intellectual property " "rights@footnote{In the 80s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to " "speak of ``the issue'' of ``intellectual property.'' That term is obviously " "biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together various disparate " "laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject " "the term ``intellectual property'' entirely, lest it lead others to suppose " "that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear is to discuss " "patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately. See " "@uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml} for more explanation of " "how this term spreads confusion and bias.} carefully (such as lawyers) say " "that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of " "supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were " "created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:397 msgid "" "For example, the patent system was established to encourage inventors to " "disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was to help society " "rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life span of 17 years for a " "patent was short compared with the rate of advance of the state of the art. " "Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers, for whom the cost and " "effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up production, " "the patents often do not do much harm. They do not obstruct most " "individuals who use patented products." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:406 msgid "" "The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors " "frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction. This " "practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived " "even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of " "encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was invented---books, " "which could be copied economically only on a printing press---it did little " "harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals who read the books." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:412 msgid "" "All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society " "because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole would " "benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we have to ask: " "are we really better off granting such license? What kind of act are we " "licensing a person to do?" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:421 msgid "" "The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred " "years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one " "neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source code and object " "code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is used rather than " "read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who " "enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and " "spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the " "law enables him to." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:424 msgid "``Competition makes things get done better.''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:433 msgid "" "The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage " "everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this way, it does a " "good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way. " "If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become intent on " "winning, no matter how, they may find other strategies---such as, attacking " "other runners. If the runners get into a fist fight, they will all finish " "late." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:439 msgid "" "Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a fist " "fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to " "fights; he just regulates them (``For every ten yards you run, you can fire " "one shot''). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for " "even trying to fight." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:442 msgid "``Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:448 msgid "" "Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. " "Programming has an irresistible fascination for some people, usually the " "people who are best at it. There is no shortage of professional musicians " "who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:453 msgid "" "But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate to the " "situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become less. So " "the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary " "incentive? My experience shows that they will." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:458 msgid "" "For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the " "Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had " "anywhere else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame and " "appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:461 msgid "" "Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting work " "for a lot of money." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:467 msgid "" "What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than " "riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come " "to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition " "with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying " "ones are banned." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:471 msgid "" "``We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping " "our neighbors, we have to obey.''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:475 msgid "" "You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. " "Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:478 msgid "``Programmers need to make a living somehow.''" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:485 msgid "" "In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that " "programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program. " "This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the " "most money, not because it is the only way to make a living. It is easy to " "find other ways if you want to find them. Here are a number of examples." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:488 msgid "" "A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of " "operating systems onto the new hardware." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:491 msgid "" "The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance services could also " "employ programmers." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:502 msgid "" "People with new ideas could distribute programs as " "freeware@footnote{Subsequently we have discovered the need to distinguish " "between ``free software'' and ``freeware''. The term ``freeware'' means " "software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study " "and change the source code, so most of it is not free software. See " "@uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html} for more " "explanation.}, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling " "hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way " "successfully." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:506 msgid "" "Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A group " "would contract with programming companies to write programs that the group's " "members would like to use." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:508 msgid "All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:" msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:513 msgid "" "Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the price as a " "software tax. The government gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend " "on software development." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:519 msgid "" "But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development himself, " "he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to the project of his " "own choosing---often, chosen because he hopes to use the results when it is " "done. He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to the total tax " "he had to pay." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:522 msgid "" "The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the tax, " "weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on." msgstr "" #. type: quotation #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:524 msgid "The consequences:" msgstr "" #. type: itemize #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:528 msgid "The computer-using community supports software development." msgstr "" #. type: itemize #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:530 msgid "This community decides what level of support is needed." msgstr "" #. type: itemize #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:533 msgid "" "Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for " "themselves." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:543 msgid "" "In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the post-scarcity " "world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. " "People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as " "programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks " "such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid " "prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from " "programming." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - #: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:551 msgid "" "We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society " "must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has " "translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive " "activity is required to accompany productive activity. The main causes of " "this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. Free " "software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software " "production. We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity " "to translate into less work for us." msgstr ""