Merge from release/0.10

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ jobs:
       OMP_NUM_THREADS: "1"
       CXXFLAGS: "-O2 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
       BUILD_TYPE: "Debug"
-      GTEST_ARGS: "--gtest_filter=-LoggingTest.LoggingAlsoWorksAfterFork:AssertTest_DebugBuild.*:CliTest_Setup.*:CliTest_IntegrityCheck.*:*/CliTest_WrongEnvironment.*:CliTest_Unmount.*"
+      GTEST_ARGS: "--gtest_filter=-LoggingTest.LoggingAlsoWorksAfterFork:AssertTest_DebugBuild.*:SignalCatcherTest.*_thenDies:CliTest_Setup.*:CliTest_IntegrityCheck.*:*/CliTest_WrongEnvironment.*:CliTest_Unmount.*"
       CMAKE_FLAGS: ""
       RUN_TESTS: true
   clang_tidy:

src/blobstore/implementations/onblocks/BlobOnBlocks.cpp

@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ void BlobOnBlocks::flush() {
   _datatree->flush();
 }
 
+uint32_t BlobOnBlocks::numNodes() const {
+  return _datatree->numNodes();
+}
+
 const BlockId &BlobOnBlocks::blockId() const {
   return _datatree->blockId();
 }

src/blobstore/implementations/onblocks/BlobOnBlocks.h

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ public:
 
   void flush() override;
 
+  uint32_t numNodes() const override;
+
   cpputils::unique_ref<parallelaccessdatatreestore::DataTreeRef> releaseTree();
 
 private:

src/blobstore/implementations/onblocks/datatreestore/DataTree.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <cpp-utils/assert/assert.h>
 #include "impl/LeafTraverser.h"
 #include <boost/thread.hpp>
+#include <blobstore/implementations/onblocks/utils/Math.h>
 
 using blockstore::BlockId;
 using blobstore::onblocks::datanodestore::DataNodeStore;
@@ -64,7 +65,16 @@ unique_ref<DataNode> DataTree::releaseRootNode() {
   return std::move(_rootNode);
 }
 
-//TODO Test numLeaves(), for example also two configurations with same number of bytes but different number of leaves (last leaf has 0 bytes)
+uint32_t DataTree::numNodes() const {
+  uint32_t numNodesCurrentLevel = numLeaves();
+  uint32_t totalNumNodes = numNodesCurrentLevel;
+  for(size_t level = 0; level < _rootNode->depth(); ++level) {
+    numNodesCurrentLevel = blobstore::onblocks::utils::ceilDivision(numNodesCurrentLevel, static_cast<uint32_t>(_nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()));
+    totalNumNodes += numNodesCurrentLevel;
+  }
+  return totalNumNodes;
+}
+
 uint32_t DataTree::numLeaves() const {
   shared_lock<shared_mutex> lock(_treeStructureMutex);
 

src/blobstore/implementations/onblocks/datatreestore/DataTree.h

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ public:
 
   void resizeNumBytes(uint64_t newNumBytes);
 
+  uint32_t numNodes() const;
   uint32_t numLeaves() const;
   uint64_t numBytes() const;
 

src/blobstore/implementations/onblocks/parallelaccessdatatreestore/DataTreeRef.h

@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ public:
     return _baseTree->flush();
   }
 
+  uint32_t numNodes() const {
+    return _baseTree->numNodes();
+  }
+
 private:
 
   datatreestore::DataTree *_baseTree;

src/blobstore/interface/Blob.h

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ public:
 
   virtual void flush() = 0;
 
+  virtual uint32_t numNodes() const = 0;
+
   //TODO Test tryRead
 };
 

src/blockstore/implementations/integrity/IntegrityBlockStore2.cpp

@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 #include "IntegrityBlockStore2.h"
 #include "KnownBlockVersions.h"
 #include <cpp-utils/data/SerializationHelper.h>
+#include <cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcher.h>
+#include <cpp-utils/io/ProgressBar.h>
 
 using cpputils::Data;
 using cpputils::unique_ref;
 using cpputils::serialize;
 using cpputils::deserialize;
+using cpputils::SignalCatcher;
 using std::string;
 using boost::optional;
 using boost::none;
@@ -195,22 +198,32 @@ void IntegrityBlockStore2::forEachBlock(std::function<void (const BlockId &)> ca
 
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
 void IntegrityBlockStore2::migrateFromBlockstoreWithoutVersionNumbers(BlockStore2 *baseBlockStore, const boost::filesystem::path &integrityFilePath, uint32_t myClientId) {
-  std::cout << "Migrating file system for integrity features. Please don't interrupt this process. This can take a while..." << std::flush;
+  SignalCatcher signalCatcher;
+
   KnownBlockVersions knownBlockVersions(integrityFilePath, myClientId);
-  baseBlockStore->forEachBlock([&baseBlockStore, &knownBlockVersions] (const BlockId &blockId) {
+  uint64_t numProcessedBlocks = 0;
+  cpputils::ProgressBar progressbar("Migrating file system for integrity features. This can take a while...", baseBlockStore->numBlocks());
+  baseBlockStore->forEachBlock([&] (const BlockId &blockId) {
+    if (signalCatcher.signal_occurred()) {
+      throw std::runtime_error("Caught signal");
+    }
     migrateBlockFromBlockstoreWithoutVersionNumbers(baseBlockStore, blockId, &knownBlockVersions);
+    progressbar.update(++numProcessedBlocks);
   });
-  std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
 }
 
 void IntegrityBlockStore2::migrateBlockFromBlockstoreWithoutVersionNumbers(blockstore::BlockStore2* baseBlockStore, const blockstore::BlockId& blockId, KnownBlockVersions *knownBlockVersions) {
-  uint64_t version = knownBlockVersions->incrementVersion(blockId);
-
   auto data_ = baseBlockStore->load(blockId);
   if (data_ == boost::none) {
     LOG(WARN, "Block not found, but was returned from forEachBlock before");
     return;
   }
+  if (0 != _readFormatHeader(*data_)) {
+      // already migrated
+      return;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t version = knownBlockVersions->incrementVersion(blockId);
   cpputils::Data data = std::move(*data_);
   cpputils::Data dataWithHeader = _prependHeaderToData(blockId, knownBlockVersions->myClientId(), version, data);
   baseBlockStore->store(blockId, dataWithHeader);

src/cpp-utils/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ set(SOURCES
         crypto/hash/Hash.cpp
         process/daemonize.cpp
         process/subprocess.cpp
+        process/SignalCatcher.cpp
         tempfile/TempFile.cpp
         tempfile/TempDir.cpp
         network/HttpClient.cpp
@@ -22,10 +23,12 @@ set(SOURCES
         io/IOStreamConsole.cpp
         io/NoninteractiveConsole.cpp
         io/pipestream.cpp
+        io/ProgressBar.cpp
         thread/LoopThread.cpp
         thread/ThreadSystem.cpp
         thread/debugging_nonwindows.cpp
         thread/debugging_windows.cpp
+        thread/LeftRight.cpp
         random/Random.cpp
         random/RandomGeneratorThread.cpp
         random/OSRandomGenerator.cpp

src/cpp-utils/io/ProgressBar.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "ProgressBar.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <mutex>
+#include "IOStreamConsole.h"
+
+using std::string;
+
+namespace cpputils {
+
+ProgressBar::ProgressBar(const char* preamble, uint64_t max_value)
+: ProgressBar(std::make_shared<IOStreamConsole>(), preamble, max_value) {}
+
+ProgressBar::ProgressBar(std::shared_ptr<Console> console, const char* preamble, uint64_t max_value)
+: _console(std::move(console))
+, _preamble(string("\r") + preamble + " ")
+, _max_value(max_value)
+, _lastPercentage(std::numeric_limits<decltype(_lastPercentage)>::max()) {
+    ASSERT(_max_value > 0, "Progress bar can't handle max_value of 0");
+
+    _console->print("\n");
+
+    // show progress bar. _lastPercentage is different to zero, so it shows.
+    update(0);
+}
+
+void ProgressBar::update(uint64_t value) {
+    const size_t percentage = (100 * value) / _max_value;
+    if (percentage != _lastPercentage) {
+        _console->print(_preamble + std::to_string(percentage) + "%");
+        _lastPercentage = percentage;
+    }
+}
+
+}

src/cpp-utils/io/ProgressBar.h

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef MESSMER_CPPUTILS_IO_PROGRESSBAR_H
+#define MESSMER_CPPUTILS_IO_PROGRESSBAR_H
+
+#include <cpp-utils/macros.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <memory>
+#include "Console.h"
+
+namespace cpputils {
+
+class ProgressBar final {
+public:
+    explicit ProgressBar(std::shared_ptr<Console> console, const char* preamble, uint64_t max_value);
+    explicit ProgressBar(const char* preamble, uint64_t max_value);
+
+    void update(uint64_t value);
+
+private:
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Console> _console;
+    std::string _preamble;
+    uint64_t _max_value;
+    size_t _lastPercentage;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ProgressBar);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif

src/cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcher.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+#include "SignalCatcher.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cpp-utils/assert/assert.h>
+#include <cpp-utils/thread/LeftRight.h>
+
+using std::make_unique;
+using std::vector;
+using std::pair;
+
+namespace cpputils {
+
+namespace {
+
+void got_signal(int signal);
+
+using SignalHandlerFunction = void(int);
+
+constexpr SignalHandlerFunction* signal_catcher_function = &got_signal;
+
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+class SignalHandlerRAII final {
+public:
+	SignalHandlerRAII(int signal)
+		: _old_handler(), _signal(signal) {
+		struct sigaction new_signal_handler{};
+		std::memset(&new_signal_handler, 0, sizeof(new_signal_handler));
+		new_signal_handler.sa_handler = signal_catcher_function;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access)
+		new_signal_handler.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
+		int error = sigfillset(&new_signal_handler.sa_mask);  // block all signals while signal handler is running
+		if (0 != error) {
+			throw std::runtime_error("Error calling sigfillset. Errno: " + std::to_string(errno));
+		}
+		_sigaction(_signal, &new_signal_handler, &_old_handler);
+	}
+
+	~SignalHandlerRAII() {
+		// reset to old signal handler
+		struct sigaction removed_handler{};
+		_sigaction(_signal, &_old_handler, &removed_handler);
+		if (signal_catcher_function != removed_handler.sa_handler) {  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access)
+			ASSERT(false, "Signal handler screwup. We just replaced a signal handler that wasn't our own.");
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	static void _sigaction(int signal, struct sigaction *new_handler, struct sigaction *old_handler) {
+		int error = sigaction(signal, new_handler, old_handler);
+		if (0 != error) {
+			throw std::runtime_error("Error calling sigaction. Errno: " + std::to_string(errno));
+		}
+	}
+
+	struct sigaction _old_handler;
+	int _signal;
+
+	DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SignalHandlerRAII);
+};
+
+#else
+
+class SignalHandlerRAII final {
+public:
+	SignalHandlerRAII(int signal)
+		: _old_handler(nullptr), _signal(signal) {
+		_old_handler = ::signal(_signal, signal_catcher_function);
+		if (_old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
+			throw std::logic_error("Error calling signal(). Errno: " + std::to_string(errno));
+		}
+	}
+
+	~SignalHandlerRAII() {
+		// reset to old signal handler
+		SignalHandlerFunction* error = ::signal(_signal, _old_handler);
+		if (error == SIG_ERR) {
+			throw std::logic_error("Error resetting signal(). Errno: " + std::to_string(errno));
+		}
+		if (error != signal_catcher_function) {
+			throw std::logic_error("Signal handler screwup. We just replaced a signal handler that wasn't our own.");
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+
+	SignalHandlerFunction* _old_handler;
+	int _signal;
+
+	DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SignalHandlerRAII);
+};
+
+// The Linux default behavior (i.e. the way we set up sigaction above) is to disable signal processing while the signal
+// handler is running and to re-enable the custom handler once processing is finished. The Windows default behavior
+// is to reset the handler to the default handler directly before executing the handler, i.e. the handler will only
+// be called once. To fix this, we use this RAII class on Windows, of which an instance will live in the signal handler.
+// In its constructor, it disables signal handling, and in its destructor it re-sets the custom handler.
+// This is not perfect since there is a small time window between calling the signal handler and calling the constructor
+// of this class, but it's the best we can do.
+class SignalHandlerRunningRAII final {
+public:
+	SignalHandlerRunningRAII(int signal) : _signal(signal) {
+		SignalHandlerFunction* old_handler = ::signal(_signal, SIG_IGN);
+		if (old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
+			throw std::logic_error("Error disabling signal(). Errno: " + std::to_string(errno));
+		}
+		if (old_handler != SIG_DFL) {
+			// see description above, we expected the signal handler to be reset.
+			throw std::logic_error("We expected windows to reset the signal handler but it didn't. Did the Windows API change?");
+		}
+	}
+
+	~SignalHandlerRunningRAII() {
+		SignalHandlerFunction* old_handler = ::signal(_signal, signal_catcher_function);
+		if (old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
+			throw std::logic_error("Error resetting signal() after calling handler. Errno: " + std::to_string(errno));
+		}
+		if (old_handler != SIG_IGN) {
+			throw std::logic_error("Weird, we just did set the signal handler to ignore. Why isn't it still ignore?");
+		}
+	}
+
+private:
+	int _signal;
+};
+
+#endif
+
+class SignalCatcherRegistry final {
+public:
+    void add(int signal, std::atomic<bool>* signal_occurred_flag) {
+        _catchers.write([&] (auto& catchers) {
+            catchers.emplace_back(signal, signal_occurred_flag);
+        });
+    }
+
+    void remove(std::atomic<bool>* catcher) {
+        _catchers.write([&] (auto& catchers) {
+            auto found = std::find_if(catchers.rbegin(), catchers.rend(), [catcher] (const auto& entry) {return entry.second == catcher;});
+            ASSERT(found != catchers.rend(), "Signal handler not found");
+            catchers.erase(--found.base()); // decrement because it's a reverse iterator
+        });
+    }
+
+    ~SignalCatcherRegistry() {
+        ASSERT(0 == _catchers.read([] (auto& catchers) {return catchers.size();}), "Leftover signal catchers that weren't destroyed");
+    }
+
+	std::atomic<bool>* find(int signal) {
+		// this is called in a signal handler and must be mutex-free.
+		return _catchers.read([&](auto& catchers) {
+			auto found = std::find_if(catchers.rbegin(), catchers.rend(), [signal](const auto& entry) {return entry.first == signal; });
+			ASSERT(found != catchers.rend(), "Signal handler not found");
+			return found->second;
+		});
+	}
+
+    static SignalCatcherRegistry& singleton() {
+        static SignalCatcherRegistry _singleton;
+        return _singleton;
+    }
+
+private:
+    SignalCatcherRegistry() = default;
+
+    // using LeftRight datastructure because we need mutex-free reads. Signal handlers can't use mutexes.
+    LeftRight<vector<pair<int, std::atomic<bool>*>>> _catchers;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SignalCatcherRegistry);
+};
+
+void got_signal(int signal) {
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+	// Only needed on Windows, Linux does this by default. See comment on SignalHandlerRunningRAII class.
+	SignalHandlerRunningRAII disable_signal_processing_while_handler_running_and_reset_handler_afterwards(signal);
+#endif
+	std::atomic<bool>* catcher = SignalCatcherRegistry::singleton().find(signal);
+	*catcher = true;
+}
+
+class SignalCatcherRegisterer final {
+public:
+    SignalCatcherRegisterer(int signal, std::atomic<bool>* catcher)
+    : _catcher(catcher) {
+        SignalCatcherRegistry::singleton().add(signal, _catcher);
+    }
+
+    ~SignalCatcherRegisterer() {
+        SignalCatcherRegistry::singleton().remove(_catcher);
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::atomic<bool>* _catcher;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SignalCatcherRegisterer);
+};
+
+}
+
+namespace details {
+
+class SignalCatcherImpl final {
+public:
+    SignalCatcherImpl(int signal, std::atomic<bool>* signal_occurred_flag)
+    : _registerer(signal, signal_occurred_flag)
+    , _handler(signal) {
+        // note: the order of the members ensures that:
+        //  - when registering the signal handler fails, the registerer will be destroyed, unregistering the signal_occurred_flag,
+        //    i.e. there is no leak.
+
+        // Allow only the set of signals that is supported on all platforms, see for Windows: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/signal?view=vs-2017
+        ASSERT(signal == SIGABRT || signal == SIGFPE || signal == SIGILL || signal == SIGINT || signal == SIGSEGV || signal == SIGTERM, "Unknown signal");
+    }
+private:
+    SignalCatcherRegisterer _registerer;
+    SignalHandlerRAII _handler;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SignalCatcherImpl);
+};
+
+}
+
+SignalCatcher::SignalCatcher(std::initializer_list<int> signals)
+: _signal_occurred(false)
+, _impls() {
+    // note: the order of the members ensures that:
+    //  - when the signal handler is set, the _signal_occurred flag is already initialized.
+    //  - the _signal_occurred flag will not be destructed as long as the signal handler might be called (i.e. as long as _impls lives)
+
+    _impls.reserve(signals.size());
+    for (int signal : signals) {
+        _impls.emplace_back(make_unique<details::SignalCatcherImpl>(signal, &_signal_occurred));
+    }
+}
+
+SignalCatcher::~SignalCatcher() {}
+
+}

src/cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcher.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifndef MESSMER_CPPUTILS_PROCESS_SIGNALCATCHER_H_
+#define MESSMER_CPPUTILS_PROCESS_SIGNALCATCHER_H_
+
+#include <cpp-utils/macros.h>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <csignal>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace cpputils {
+
+namespace details {
+class SignalCatcherImpl;
+}
+
+/*
+ * While an instance of this class is in scope, the specified signal (e.g. SIGINT)
+ * is caught and doesn't exit the application. You can poll if the signal occurred.
+ */
+class SignalCatcher final {
+public:
+    SignalCatcher(): SignalCatcher({SIGINT, SIGTERM}) {}
+
+    SignalCatcher(std::initializer_list<int> signals);
+    ~SignalCatcher();
+
+    bool signal_occurred() const {
+        return _signal_occurred;
+    }
+
+private:
+    // note: _signal_occurred must be initialized before _impl because _impl might use it
+    std::atomic<bool> _signal_occurred;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<details::SignalCatcherImpl>> _impls;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SignalCatcher);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif

src/cpp-utils/thread/LeftRight.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#include "LeftRight.h"

src/cpp-utils/thread/LeftRight.h

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+#include <atomic>
+#include <functional>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+#include <cpp-utils/macros.h>
+#include <array>
+
+namespace cpputils {
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct IncrementRAII final {
+public:
+    explicit IncrementRAII(std::atomic<int32_t> *counter): _counter(counter) {
+        ++(*_counter);
+    }
+
+    ~IncrementRAII() {
+        --(*_counter);
+    }
+private:
+    std::atomic<int32_t> *_counter;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(IncrementRAII);
+};
+
+}
+
+// LeftRight wait-free readers synchronization primitive
+// https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01207881/document
+template <class T>
+class LeftRight final {
+public:
+    LeftRight()
+    : _writeMutex()
+    , _foregroundCounterIndex{0}
+    , _foregroundDataIndex{0}
+    , _counters{{{0}, {0}}}
+    , _data{{{}, {}}}
+    , _inDestruction(false) {}
+
+    ~LeftRight() {
+        // from now on, no new readers/writers will be accepted (see asserts in read()/write())
+        _inDestruction = true;
+
+        // wait until any potentially running writers are finished
+        {
+            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_writeMutex);
+        }
+
+        // wait until any potentially running readers are finished
+        while (_counters[0].load() != 0 || _counters[1].load() != 0) {
+            std::this_thread::yield();
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename F>
+    auto read(F&& readFunc) const {
+        if(_inDestruction.load()) {
+            throw std::logic_error("Issued LeftRight::read() after the destructor started running");
+        }
+
+        detail::IncrementRAII _increment_counter(&_counters[_foregroundCounterIndex.load()]); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index)
+        return readFunc(_data[_foregroundDataIndex.load()]); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index)
+    }
+
+    // Throwing from write would result in invalid state
+    template <typename F>
+    auto write(F&& writeFunc) {
+        if(_inDestruction.load()) {
+            throw std::logic_error("Issued LeftRight::read() after the destructor started running");
+        }
+
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(_writeMutex);
+        return _write(writeFunc);
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <class F>
+    auto _write(const F& writeFunc) {
+        /*
+         * Assume, A is in background and B in foreground. In simplified terms, we want to do the following:
+         * 1. Write to A (old background)
+         * 2. Switch A/B
+         * 3. Write to B (new background)
+         *
+         * More detailed algorithm (explanations on why this is important are below in code):
+         * 1. Write to A
+         * 2. Switch A/B data pointers
+         * 3. Wait until A counter is zero
+         * 4. Switch A/B counters
+         * 5. Wait until B counter is zero
+         * 6. Write to B
+         */
+
+        auto localDataIndex = _foregroundDataIndex.load();
+
+        // 1. Write to A
+        _callWriteFuncOnBackgroundInstance(writeFunc, localDataIndex);
+
+        // 2. Switch A/B data pointers
+        localDataIndex = localDataIndex ^ 1;
+        _foregroundDataIndex = localDataIndex;
+
+        /*
+         * 3. Wait until A counter is zero
+         *
+         * In the previous write run, A was foreground and B was background.
+         * There was a time after switching _foregroundDataIndex (B to foreground) and before switching _foregroundCounterIndex,
+         * in which new readers could have read B but incremented A's counter.
+         *
+         * In this current run, we just switched _foregroundDataIndex (A back to foreground), but before writing to
+         * the new background B, we have to make sure A's counter was zero briefly, so all these old readers are gone.
+         */
+        auto localCounterIndex = _foregroundCounterIndex.load();
+        _waitForBackgroundCounterToBeZero(localCounterIndex);
+
+        /*
+         *4. Switch A/B counters
+         *
+         * Now that we know all readers on B are really gone, we can switch the counters and have new readers
+         * increment A's counter again, which is the correct counter since they're reading A.
+         */
+        localCounterIndex = localCounterIndex ^ 1;
+        _foregroundCounterIndex = localCounterIndex;
+
+        /*
+         * 5. Wait until B counter is zero
+         *
+         * This waits for all the readers on B that came in while both data and counter for B was in foreground,
+         * i.e. normal readers that happened outside of that brief gap between switching data and counter.
+         */
+        _waitForBackgroundCounterToBeZero(localCounterIndex);
+
+        // 6. Write to B
+        _callWriteFuncOnBackgroundInstance(writeFunc, localDataIndex);
+    }
+
+    template<class F>
+    auto _callWriteFuncOnBackgroundInstance(const F& writeFunc, uint8_t localDataIndex) {
+        try {
+            return writeFunc(_data[localDataIndex ^ 1]); // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index)
+        } catch (...) {
+            // recover invariant by copying from the foreground instance
+            _data[localDataIndex ^ 1] = _data[localDataIndex]; // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index)
+            // rethrow
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void _waitForBackgroundCounterToBeZero(uint8_t counterIndex) {
+        while (_counters[counterIndex ^ 1].load() != 0) { // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index)
+            std::this_thread::yield();
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::mutex _writeMutex;
+    std::atomic<uint8_t> _foregroundCounterIndex;
+    std::atomic<uint8_t> _foregroundDataIndex;
+    mutable std::array<std::atomic<int32_t>, 2> _counters;
+    std::array<T, 2> _data;
+    std::atomic<bool> _inDestruction;
+};
+
+}

src/cryfs/impl/config/CryConfig.cpp

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ CryConfig::CryConfig()
 , _exclusiveClientId(none)
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
 , _hasVersionNumbers(true)
+, _hasParentPointers(true)
 #endif
 {
 }
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ CryConfig CryConfig::load(const Data &data) {
   cfg._exclusiveClientId = pt.get_optional<uint32_t>("cryfs.exclusiveClientId");
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
   cfg._hasVersionNumbers = pt.get<bool>("cryfs.migrations.hasVersionNumbers", false);
+  cfg._hasParentPointers = pt.get<bool>("cryfs.migrations.hasParentPointers", false);
 #endif
 
   optional<string> filesystemIdOpt = pt.get_optional<string>("cryfs.filesystemId");
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ Data CryConfig::save() const {
   }
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
   pt.put<bool>("cryfs.migrations.hasVersionNumbers", _hasVersionNumbers);
+  pt.put<bool>("cryfs.migrations.hasParentPointers", _hasParentPointers);
 #endif
 
   stringstream stream;
@@ -172,6 +175,14 @@ bool CryConfig::HasVersionNumbers() const {
 void CryConfig::SetHasVersionNumbers(bool value) {
   _hasVersionNumbers = value;
 }
+
+bool CryConfig::HasParentPointers() const {
+  return _hasParentPointers;
+}
+
+void CryConfig::SetHasParentPointers(bool value) {
+  _hasParentPointers = value;
+}
 #endif
 
 }

src/cryfs/impl/config/CryConfig.h

@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ public:
   // Version numbers cannot be disabled, but the file system will be migrated to version numbers automatically.
   bool HasVersionNumbers() const;
   void SetHasVersionNumbers(bool value);
+
+  // This is a trigger to recognize old file systems that didn't have version numbers.
+  // Version numbers cannot be disabled, but the file system will be migrated to version numbers automatically.
+  bool HasParentPointers() const;
+  void SetHasParentPointers(bool value);
 #endif
 
   static CryConfig load(const cpputils::Data &data);
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ private:
   boost::optional<uint32_t> _exclusiveClientId;
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
   bool _hasVersionNumbers;
+  bool _hasParentPointers;
 #endif
 
   CryConfig &operator=(const CryConfig &rhs) = delete;

src/cryfs/impl/filesystem/CryDevice.cpp

@@ -80,7 +80,14 @@ unique_ref<fsblobstore::FsBlobStore> CryDevice::MigrateOrCreateFsBlobStore(uniqu
   if ("" == rootBlobId) {
     return make_unique_ref<FsBlobStore>(std::move(blobStore));
   }
-  return FsBlobStore::migrateIfNeeded(std::move(blobStore), BlockId::FromString(rootBlobId));
+  if (!configFile->config()->HasParentPointers()) {
+    auto result = FsBlobStore::migrate(std::move(blobStore), BlockId::FromString(rootBlobId));
+    // Don't migrate again if it was successful
+    configFile->config()->SetHasParentPointers(true);
+    configFile->save();
+    return result;
+  }
+  return make_unique_ref<FsBlobStore>(std::move(blobStore));
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -106,6 +113,7 @@ unique_ref<BlockStore2> CryDevice::CreateIntegrityEncryptedBlockStore(unique_ref
   if (!configFile->config()->HasVersionNumbers()) {
     IntegrityBlockStore2::migrateFromBlockstoreWithoutVersionNumbers(encryptedBlockStore.get(), integrityFilePath, myClientId);
     configFile->config()->SetBlocksizeBytes(configFile->config()->BlocksizeBytes() + IntegrityBlockStore2::HEADER_LENGTH - blockstore::BlockId::BINARY_LENGTH); // Minus BlockId size because EncryptedBlockStore doesn't store the BlockId anymore (that was moved to IntegrityBlockStore)
+    // Don't migrate again if it was successful
     configFile->config()->SetHasVersionNumbers(true);
     configFile->save();
   }

src/cryfs/impl/filesystem/fsblobstore/FsBlobStore.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 #include "FileBlob.h"
 #include "DirBlob.h"
 #include "SymlinkBlob.h"
+#include <cryfs/config/CryConfigFile.h>
+#include <cpp-utils/io/ProgressBar.h>
+#include <cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcher.h>
 
 using cpputils::unique_ref;
 using cpputils::make_unique_ref;
+using cpputils::SignalCatcher;
 using blobstore::BlobStore;
 using blockstore::BlockId;
 using boost::none;
@@ -31,35 +35,43 @@ boost::optional<unique_ref<FsBlob>> FsBlobStore::load(const blockstore::BlockId
 }
 
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
-    unique_ref<FsBlobStore> FsBlobStore::migrateIfNeeded(unique_ref<BlobStore> blobStore, const blockstore::BlockId &rootBlobId) {
+    unique_ref<FsBlobStore> FsBlobStore::migrate(unique_ref<BlobStore> blobStore, const blockstore::BlockId &rootBlobId) {
+        SignalCatcher signalCatcher;
+
         auto rootBlob = blobStore->load(rootBlobId);
         if (rootBlob == none) {
             throw std::runtime_error("Could not load root blob");
         }
-        uint16_t format = FsBlobView::getFormatVersionHeader(**rootBlob);
 
         auto fsBlobStore = make_unique_ref<FsBlobStore>(std::move(blobStore));
-        if (format == 0) {
-            // migration needed
-            std::cout << "Migrating file system for conflict resolution features. Please don't interrupt this process. This can take a while..." << std::flush;
-            fsBlobStore->_migrate(std::move(*rootBlob), blockstore::BlockId::Null());
-            std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
-        }
+
+        uint64_t migratedBlocks = 0;
+        cpputils::ProgressBar progressbar("Migrating file system for conflict resolution features. This can take a while...", fsBlobStore->numBlocks());
+        fsBlobStore->_migrate(std::move(*rootBlob), blockstore::BlockId::Null(), &signalCatcher, [&] (uint32_t numNodes) {
+            migratedBlocks += numNodes;
+            progressbar.update(migratedBlocks);
+        });
+
         return fsBlobStore;
     }
 
-    void FsBlobStore::_migrate(unique_ref<blobstore::Blob> node, const blockstore::BlockId &parentId) {
+    void FsBlobStore::_migrate(unique_ref<blobstore::Blob> node, const blockstore::BlockId &parentId, SignalCatcher* signalCatcher, std::function<void(uint32_t numNodes)> perBlobCallback) {
         FsBlobView::migrate(node.get(), parentId);
+        perBlobCallback(node->numNodes());
         if (FsBlobView::blobType(*node) == FsBlobView::BlobType::DIR) {
             DirBlob dir(std::move(node), _getLstatSize());
             vector<fspp::Dir::Entry> children;
             dir.AppendChildrenTo(&children);
             for (const auto &child : children) {
+                if (signalCatcher->signal_occurred()) {
+                    // on a SIGINT or SIGTERM, cancel migration but gracefully shutdown, i.e. call destructors.
+                    throw std::runtime_error("Caught signal");
+                }
                 auto childEntry = dir.GetChild(child.name);
                 ASSERT(childEntry != none, "Couldn't load child, although it was returned as a child in the list.");
                 auto childBlob = _baseBlobStore->load(childEntry->blockId());
                 ASSERT(childBlob != none, "Couldn't load child blob");
-                _migrate(std::move(*childBlob), dir.blockId());
+                _migrate(std::move(*childBlob), dir.blockId(), signalCatcher, perBlobCallback);
             }
         }
     }

src/cryfs/impl/filesystem/fsblobstore/FsBlobStore.h

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
 #include "FileBlob.h"
 #include "DirBlob.h"
 #include "SymlinkBlob.h"
+#ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
+#include <cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcher.h>
+#endif
 
 namespace cryfs {
     namespace fsblobstore {
@@ -29,13 +32,13 @@ namespace cryfs {
             uint64_t virtualBlocksizeBytes() const;
 
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
-            static cpputils::unique_ref<FsBlobStore> migrateIfNeeded(cpputils::unique_ref<blobstore::BlobStore> blobStore, const blockstore::BlockId &blockId);
+            static cpputils::unique_ref<FsBlobStore> migrate(cpputils::unique_ref<blobstore::BlobStore> blobStore, const blockstore::BlockId &blockId);
 #endif
 
         private:
 
 #ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
-            void _migrate(cpputils::unique_ref<blobstore::Blob> node, const blockstore::BlockId &parentId);
+            void _migrate(cpputils::unique_ref<blobstore::Blob> node, const blockstore::BlockId &parentId, cpputils::SignalCatcher* signalCatcher, std::function<void(uint32_t numNodes)> perBlobCallback);
 #endif
 
             std::function<fspp::num_bytes_t(const blockstore::BlockId &)> _getLstatSize();

src/cryfs/impl/filesystem/fsblobstore/FsBlobView.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ namespace cryfs {
     void FsBlobView::migrate(blobstore::Blob *blob, const blockstore::BlockId &parentId) {
         constexpr unsigned int OLD_HEADER_SIZE = sizeof(FORMAT_VERSION_HEADER) + sizeof(uint8_t);
 
-        ASSERT(FsBlobView::getFormatVersionHeader(*blob) == 0, "Block already migrated");
+        if(FsBlobView::getFormatVersionHeader(*blob) != 0) {
+          // blob already migrated
+          return;
+        }
+
         // Resize blob and move data back
         cpputils::Data data = blob->readAll();
         blob->resize(blob->size() + blockstore::BlockId::BINARY_LENGTH);

src/cryfs/impl/filesystem/fsblobstore/FsBlobView.h

@@ -85,6 +85,10 @@ namespace cryfs {
             return _baseBlob->flush();
         }
 
+        uint32_t numNodes() const override {
+            return _baseBlob->numNodes();
+        }
+
         cpputils::unique_ref<blobstore::Blob> releaseBaseBlob() {
             return std::move(_baseBlob);
         }

src/fspp/fuse/Fuse.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <cpp-utils/thread/debugging.h>
 #include <csignal>
 #include "InvalidFilesystem.h"
+#include <codecvt>
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #include <codecvt>
@@ -291,6 +292,9 @@ void Fuse::_removeAndWarnIfExists(vector<string> *fuseOptions, const std::string
 }
 
 void Fuse::_run(const bf::path &mountdir, const vector<string> &fuseOptions) {
+  // Avoid encoding errors for non-utf8 characters, see https://github.com/cryfs/cryfs/issues/247
+  bf::path::imbue(std::locale(std::locale(), new std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>()));
+
   _mountdir = mountdir;
 
   ASSERT(_argv.size() == 0, "Filesystem already started");

src/stats/main.cpp

@@ -164,6 +164,18 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
         // TODO Show more info about error
         throw std::runtime_error("Error loading config file.");
     }
+    const auto& config_ = config->configFile.config();
+    std::cout << "Loading filesystem of version " << config_->Version() << std::endl;
+#ifndef CRYFS_NO_COMPATIBILITY
+    const bool is_correct_format = config_->Version() == CryConfig::FilesystemFormatVersion && !config_->HasParentPointers() && !config_->HasVersionNumbers();
+#else
+    const bool is_correct_format = config_->Version() == CryConfig::FilesystemFormatVersion;
+#endif
+    if (!is_correct_format) {
+        // TODO At this point, the cryfs.config file was already switched to 0.10 format. We should probably not do that.
+        std::cerr << "The filesystem is not in the 0.10 format. It needs to be migrated. The cryfs-stats tool unfortunately can't handle this, please mount and unmount the filesystem once." << std::endl;
+        exit(1);
+    }
 
     cout << "Listing all blocks..." << flush;
     set<BlockId> unaccountedBlocks = _getAllBlockIds(basedir, *config, localStateDir);

test/blobstore/implementations/onblocks/datatreestore/DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes.cpp

@@ -21,50 +21,68 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(EmptyLastLeaf, DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, Values(0u)
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(HalfFullLastLeaf, DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, Values(5u, 10u));
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(FullLastLeaf, DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, Values(static_cast<uint32_t>(DataNodeLayout(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes::BLOCKSIZE_BYTES).maxBytesPerLeaf())));
 
+//TODO Test numLeaves() and numNodes() also two configurations with same number of bytes but different number of leaves (last leaf has 0 bytes)
+
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, SingleLeaf) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateLeafWithSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, TwoLeafTree) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateTwoLeafWithSecondLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf() + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(3, tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, FullTwolevelTree) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateFullTwoLevelWithLastLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf()*(nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()-1) + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1 + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, ThreeLevelTreeWithOneChild) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateThreeLevelWithOneChildAndLastLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf() + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(4, tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, ThreeLevelTreeWithTwoChildren) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateThreeLevelWithTwoChildrenAndLastLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode() + nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf() + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(5 + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, ThreeLevelTreeWithThreeChildren) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateThreeLevelWithThreeChildrenAndLastLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(2*nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode() + nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf() + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 + 2*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(6 + 2*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, FullThreeLevelTree) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateFullThreeLevelWithLastLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()*(nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()-1) + nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf()*(nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()-1) + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1 + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode() + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numNodes());
 }
 
 TEST_P(DataTreeTest_NumStoredBytes_P, FourLevelMinDataTree) {
   BlockId blockId = CreateFourLevelMinDataWithLastLeafSize(GetParam())->blockId();
   auto tree = treeStore.load(blockId).value();
   EXPECT_EQ(nodeStore->layout().maxBytesPerLeaf()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode() + GetParam(), tree->numBytes());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1 + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numLeaves());
+  EXPECT_EQ(5 + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode() + nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode()*nodeStore->layout().maxChildrenPerInnerNode(), tree->numNodes());
 }

test/cpp-utils/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ set(SOURCES
     process/daemonize_include_test.cpp
     process/subprocess_include_test.cpp
     process/SubprocessTest.cpp
+	process/SignalCatcherTest.cpp
     tempfile/TempFileTest.cpp
     tempfile/TempFileIncludeTest.cpp
     tempfile/TempDirIncludeTest.cpp
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ set(SOURCES
     io/ConsoleTest_Print.cpp
     io/ConsoleTest_Ask.cpp
 	io/ConsoleTest_AskPassword.cpp
+	io/ProgressBarTest.cpp
     random/RandomIncludeTest.cpp
     lock/LockPoolIncludeTest.cpp
     lock/ConditionBarrierIncludeTest.cpp
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ set(SOURCES
     system/HomedirTest.cpp
 	system/EnvTest.cpp
 	thread/debugging_test.cpp
+	thread/LeftRightTest.cpp
     value_type/ValueTypeTest.cpp
 	either_test.cpp
 )

test/cpp-utils/io/ProgressBarTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <cpp-utils/io/ProgressBar.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+
+using cpputils::ProgressBar;
+using std::make_shared;
+
+class MockConsole final: public cpputils::Console {
+public:
+    void EXPECT_OUTPUT(const char* expected) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expected, _output);
+        _output = "";
+    }
+
+    void print(const std::string& text) override {
+        _output += text;
+    }
+
+    unsigned int ask(const std::string&, const std::vector<std::string>&) override {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(false);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    bool askYesNo(const std::string&, bool) override {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(false);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string askPassword(const std::string&) override {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(false);
+        return "";
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::string _output;
+};
+
+TEST(ProgressBarTest, testProgressBar) {
+    auto console = make_shared<MockConsole>();
+
+    ProgressBar bar(console, "Preamble", 2000);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("\n\rPreamble 0%");
+
+    // when updating to 0, doesn't reprint
+    bar.update(0);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("");
+
+    // update to half
+    bar.update(1000);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("\rPreamble 50%");
+
+    // when updating to same value, doesn't reprint
+    bar.update(1000);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("");
+
+    // when updating to value with same percentage, doesn't reprint
+    bar.update(1001);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("");
+
+    // update to 0
+    bar.update(0);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("\rPreamble 0%");
+
+    // update to full
+    bar.update(2000);
+    console->EXPECT_OUTPUT("\rPreamble 100%");
+}

test/cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcherTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+#include <cpp-utils/process/SignalCatcher.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <csignal>
+
+using cpputils::SignalCatcher;
+
+namespace {
+void raise_signal(int signal) {
+    int error = ::raise(signal);
+    if (error != 0) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Error raising signal");
+    }
+}
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenNoSignalCatcher_whenRaisingSigint_thenDies) {
+    EXPECT_DEATH(
+        raise_signal(SIGINT),
+        ""
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenNoSignalCatcher_whenRaisingSigterm_thenDies) {
+    EXPECT_DEATH(
+        raise_signal(SIGTERM),
+        ""
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigIntCatcher_whenRaisingSigInt_thenCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher catcher({SIGINT});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    // raise again
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSigTerm_thenCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher catcher({SIGTERM});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    // raise again
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigIntAndSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSigInt_thenCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher catcher({SIGINT, SIGTERM});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    // raise again
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigIntAndSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSigTerm_thenCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher catcher({SIGINT, SIGTERM});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    // raise again
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigIntAndSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSigIntAndSigTerm_thenCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher catcher({SIGINT, SIGTERM});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(catcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigIntCatcherAndSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSignalsInOrder_thenCorrectCatcherCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher sigintCatcher({SIGINT});
+    SignalCatcher sigtermCatcher({SIGTERM});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(sigintCatcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sigintCatcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(sigtermCatcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sigtermCatcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigIntCatcherAndSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSignalsInReverseOrder_thenCorrectCatcherCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher sigintCatcher({SIGINT});
+    SignalCatcher sigtermCatcher({SIGTERM});
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(sigtermCatcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sigtermCatcher.signal_occurred());
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(sigintCatcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sigintCatcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenNestedSigIntCatchers_whenRaisingSignals_thenCorrectCatcherCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher outerCatcher({SIGINT});
+    {
+        SignalCatcher middleCatcher({SIGINT});
+
+        EXPECT_FALSE(middleCatcher.signal_occurred());
+        raise_signal(SIGINT);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(middleCatcher.signal_occurred());
+
+        {
+            SignalCatcher innerCatcher({SIGINT});
+
+            EXPECT_FALSE(innerCatcher.signal_occurred());
+            raise_signal(SIGINT);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(innerCatcher.signal_occurred());
+        }
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(outerCatcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGINT);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(outerCatcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenExpiredSigIntCatcher_whenRaisingSigInt_thenDies) {
+    {
+        SignalCatcher catcher({SIGINT});
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_DEATH(
+        raise_signal(SIGINT),
+        ""
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenExpiredSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSigTerm_thenDies) {
+    {
+        SignalCatcher catcher({SIGTERM});
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_DEATH(
+        raise_signal(SIGTERM),
+        ""
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenExpiredSigIntCatcherAndSigTermCatcher_whenRaisingSigTerm_thenDies) {
+    {
+        SignalCatcher sigIntCatcher({SIGTERM});
+        SignalCatcher sigTermCatcer({SIGTERM});
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_DEATH(
+        raise_signal(SIGTERM),
+        ""
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigTermCatcherAndExpiredSigIntCatcher_whenRaisingSigTerm_thenCatches) {
+    SignalCatcher sigTermCatcher({SIGTERM});
+    {
+        SignalCatcher sigIntCatcher({SIGINT});
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(sigTermCatcher.signal_occurred());
+    raise_signal(SIGTERM);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(sigTermCatcher.signal_occurred());
+}
+
+TEST(SignalCatcherTest, givenSigTermCatcherAndExpiredSigIntCatcher_whenRaisingSigInt_thenDies) {
+    SignalCatcher sigTermCacher({SIGTERM});
+    {
+        SignalCatcher sigIntCatcher({SIGINT});
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_DEATH(
+        raise_signal(SIGINT),
+        ""
+    );
+}

test/cpp-utils/thread/LeftRightTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+#include <cpp-utils/thread/LeftRight.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+using cpputils::LeftRight;
+using std::vector;
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, givenInt_whenWritingAndReading_thenChangesArePresent) {
+  LeftRight<int> obj;
+
+  obj.write([] (auto& obj) {obj = 5;});
+  int read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+  EXPECT_EQ(5, read);
+
+  // check changes are also present in background copy
+  obj.write([] (auto&) {}); // this switches to the background copy
+  read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+  EXPECT_EQ(5, read);
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, givenVector_whenWritingAndReading_thenChangesArePresent) {
+    LeftRight<vector<int>> obj;
+
+    obj.write([] (auto& obj) {obj.push_back(5);});
+    vector<int> read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+    EXPECT_EQ((vector<int>{5}), read);
+
+    obj.write([] (auto& obj) {obj.push_back(6);});
+    read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+    EXPECT_EQ((vector<int>{5, 6}), read);
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, readsCanBeConcurrent) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+	std::atomic<int> num_running_readers{0};
+
+    std::thread reader1([&] () {
+       obj.read([&] (auto&) {
+           ++num_running_readers;
+           while(num_running_readers.load() < 2) {}
+       });
+    });
+
+    std::thread reader2([&] () {
+        obj.read([&] (auto&) {
+            ++num_running_readers;
+            while(num_running_readers.load() < 2) {}
+        });
+    });
+
+    // the threads only finish after both entered the read function.
+    // if LeftRight didn't allow concurrency, this would cause a deadlock.
+    reader1.join();
+    reader2.join();
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, writesCanBeConcurrentWithReads_readThenWrite) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+	std::atomic<bool> reader_running{false};
+    std::atomic<bool> writer_running{false};
+
+    std::thread reader([&] () {
+        obj.read([&] (auto&) {
+            reader_running = true;
+            while(!writer_running.load()) {}
+        });
+    });
+
+    std::thread writer([&] () {
+        // run read first, write second
+        while (!reader_running.load()) {}
+
+        obj.write([&] (auto&) {
+            writer_running = true;
+        });
+    });
+
+    // the threads only finish after both entered the read function.
+    // if LeftRight didn't allow concurrency, this would cause a deadlock.
+    reader.join();
+    writer.join();
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, writesCanBeConcurrentWithReads_writeThenRead) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+    std::atomic<bool> writer_running{false};
+    std::atomic<bool> reader_running{false};
+
+    std::thread writer([&] () {
+        obj.read([&] (auto&) {
+            writer_running = true;
+            while(!reader_running.load()) {}
+        });
+    });
+
+    std::thread reader([&] () {
+        // run write first, read second
+        while (!writer_running.load()) {}
+
+        obj.read([&] (auto&) {
+            reader_running = true;
+        });
+    });
+
+    // the threads only finish after both entered the read function.
+    // if LeftRight didn't allow concurrency, this would cause a deadlock.
+    writer.join();
+    reader.join();
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, writesCannotBeConcurrentWithWrites) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+    std::atomic<bool> first_writer_started{false};
+    std::atomic<bool> first_writer_finished{false};
+
+    std::thread writer1([&] () {
+        obj.write([&] (auto&) {
+            first_writer_started = true;
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(50));
+            first_writer_finished = true;
+        });
+    });
+
+    std::thread writer2([&] () {
+        // make sure the other writer runs first
+        while (!first_writer_started.load()) {}
+
+        obj.write([&] (auto&) {
+            // expect the other writer finished before this one starts
+            EXPECT_TRUE(first_writer_finished.load());
+        });
+    });
+
+    writer1.join();
+    writer2.join();
+}
+
+namespace {
+class MyException : std::exception {};
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, whenReadThrowsException_thenThrowsThrough) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+
+    EXPECT_THROW(
+        obj.read([](auto&) {throw MyException();}),
+        MyException
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, whenWriteThrowsException_thenThrowsThrough) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+
+    EXPECT_THROW(
+        obj.write([](auto&) {throw MyException();}),
+        MyException
+    );
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, givenInt_whenWriteThrowsException_thenResetsToOldState) {
+    LeftRight<int> obj;
+
+    obj.write([](auto& obj) {obj = 5;});
+
+    EXPECT_THROW(
+        obj.write([](auto& obj) {
+            obj = 6;
+            throw MyException();
+        }),
+        MyException
+    );
+
+    // check reading it returns old value
+    int read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+    EXPECT_EQ(5, read);
+
+    // check changes are also present in background copy
+    obj.write([] (auto&) {}); // this switches to the background copy
+    read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+    EXPECT_EQ(5, read);
+}
+
+TEST(LeftRightTest, givenVector_whenWriteThrowsException_thenResetsToOldState) {
+    LeftRight<vector<int>> obj;
+
+    obj.write([](auto& obj) {obj.push_back(5);});
+
+    EXPECT_THROW(
+            obj.write([](auto& obj) {
+                obj.push_back(6);
+                throw MyException();
+            }),
+            MyException
+    );
+
+    // check reading it returns old value
+    vector<int> read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+    EXPECT_EQ((vector<int>{5}), read);
+
+    // check changes are also present in background copy
+    obj.write([] (auto&) {}); // this switches to the background copy
+    read = obj.read([] (auto& obj) {return obj;});
+    EXPECT_EQ((vector<int>{5}), read);
+}