diff --git a/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.cpp b/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.cpp
index 18686995..5f62e021 100644
--- a/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.cpp
+++ b/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.cpp
@@ -195,5 +195,15 @@ void KnownBlockVersions::markBlockAsDeleted(const Key &key) {
     _lastUpdateClientId[key] = CLIENT_ID_FOR_DELETED_BLOCK;
 }
 
+bool KnownBlockVersions::blockShouldExist(const Key &key) const {
+    auto found = _lastUpdateClientId.find(key);
+    if (found == _lastUpdateClientId.end()) {
+        // We've never seen (i.e. loaded) this block. So we can't say it has to exist.
+        return false;
+    }
+    // We've seen the block before. If we didn't delete it, it should exist (only works for single-client scenario).
+    return found->second != CLIENT_ID_FOR_DELETED_BLOCK;
+}
+
 }
 }
diff --git a/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.h b/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.h
index f4b24b60..b3edbbf2 100644
--- a/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.h
+++ b/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/KnownBlockVersions.h
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ namespace blockstore {
 
             void markBlockAsDeleted(const Key &key);
 
+            bool blockShouldExist(const Key &key) const;
+
             uint64_t getBlockVersion(uint32_t clientId, const Key &key) const;
 
             uint32_t myClientId() const;
diff --git a/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStore.h b/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStore.h
index b1617372..17e9392e 100644
--- a/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStore.h
+++ b/src/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStore.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace versioncounting {
 
 class VersionCountingBlockStore final: public BlockStore {
 public:
-  VersionCountingBlockStore(cpputils::unique_ref<BlockStore> baseBlockStore, const boost::filesystem::path &integrityFilePath);
+  VersionCountingBlockStore(cpputils::unique_ref<BlockStore> baseBlockStore, const boost::filesystem::path &integrityFilePath, bool missingBlockIsIntegrityViolation);
 
   Key createKey() override;
   boost::optional<cpputils::unique_ref<Block>> tryCreate(const Key &key, cpputils::Data data) override;
@@ -32,13 +32,14 @@ public:
 private:
   cpputils::unique_ref<BlockStore> _baseBlockStore;
   KnownBlockVersions _knownBlockVersions;
+  const bool _missingBlockIsIntegrityViolation;
 
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(VersionCountingBlockStore);
 };
 
 
-inline VersionCountingBlockStore::VersionCountingBlockStore(cpputils::unique_ref<BlockStore> baseBlockStore, const boost::filesystem::path &integrityFilePath)
- : _baseBlockStore(std::move(baseBlockStore)), _knownBlockVersions(integrityFilePath) {
+inline VersionCountingBlockStore::VersionCountingBlockStore(cpputils::unique_ref<BlockStore> baseBlockStore, const boost::filesystem::path &integrityFilePath, bool missingBlockIsIntegrityViolation)
+ : _baseBlockStore(std::move(baseBlockStore)), _knownBlockVersions(integrityFilePath), _missingBlockIsIntegrityViolation(missingBlockIsIntegrityViolation) {
 }
 
 inline Key VersionCountingBlockStore::createKey() {
@@ -57,6 +58,9 @@ inline boost::optional<cpputils::unique_ref<Block>> VersionCountingBlockStore::t
 inline boost::optional<cpputils::unique_ref<Block>> VersionCountingBlockStore::load(const Key &key) {
   auto block = _baseBlockStore->load(key);
   if (block == boost::none) {
+    if (_missingBlockIsIntegrityViolation && _knownBlockVersions.blockShouldExist(key)) {
+      throw IntegrityViolationError("A block that should exist wasn't found. Did an attacker delete it?");
+    }
     return boost::none;
   }
   return boost::optional<cpputils::unique_ref<Block>>(VersionCountingBlock::Load(std::move(*block), &_knownBlockVersions));
diff --git a/src/cryfs/filesystem/CryDevice.cpp b/src/cryfs/filesystem/CryDevice.cpp
index fdb916ef..41aae374 100644
--- a/src/cryfs/filesystem/CryDevice.cpp
+++ b/src/cryfs/filesystem/CryDevice.cpp
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ unique_ref<BlockStore> CryDevice::CreateVersionCountingEncryptedBlockStore(uniqu
   }
 #endif
 
-  return make_unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore>(std::move(encryptedBlockStore), integrityFilePath);
+  return make_unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore>(std::move(encryptedBlockStore), integrityFilePath, false);
 }
 
 Key CryDevice::CreateRootBlobAndReturnKey() {
diff --git a/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Generic.cpp b/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Generic.cpp
index e59a00f0..83e40e2e 100644
--- a/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Generic.cpp
+++ b/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Generic.cpp
@@ -17,14 +17,16 @@ using cpputils::make_unique_ref;
 using cpputils::unique_ref;
 using cpputils::TempFile;
 
+template<bool SINGLECLIENT>
 class VersionCountingBlockStoreTestFixture: public BlockStoreTestFixture {
 public:
    VersionCountingBlockStoreTestFixture() :stateFile(false) {}
 
   TempFile stateFile;
   unique_ref<BlockStore> createBlockStore() override {
-    return make_unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore>(make_unique_ref<FakeBlockStore>(), stateFile.path());
+    return make_unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore>(make_unique_ref<FakeBlockStore>(), stateFile.path(), SINGLECLIENT);
   }
 };
 
-INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(VersionCounting, BlockStoreTest, VersionCountingBlockStoreTestFixture);
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(VersionCounting_multiclient, BlockStoreTest, VersionCountingBlockStoreTestFixture<false>);
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(VersionCounting_singleclient, BlockStoreTest, VersionCountingBlockStoreTestFixture<true>);
diff --git a/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Specific.cpp b/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Specific.cpp
index b6375c98..612e7661 100644
--- a/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Specific.cpp
+++ b/test/blockstore/implementations/versioncounting/VersionCountingBlockStoreTest_Specific.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ using cpputils::unique_ref;
 using cpputils::make_unique_ref;
 using cpputils::TempFile;
 using boost::none;
+using std::make_unique;
+using std::unique_ptr;
 
 using blockstore::testfake::FakeBlockStore;
 
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ public:
   VersionCountingBlockStoreTest():
     stateFile(false),
     baseBlockStore(new FakeBlockStore),
-    blockStore(make_unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore>(std::move(cpputils::nullcheck(std::unique_ptr<FakeBlockStore>(baseBlockStore)).value()), stateFile.path())),
+    blockStore(make_unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore>(std::move(cpputils::nullcheck(std::unique_ptr<FakeBlockStore>(baseBlockStore)).value()), stateFile.path(), false)),
     data(DataFixture::generate(BLOCKSIZE)) {
   }
   TempFile stateFile;
@@ -32,6 +34,18 @@ public:
   unique_ref<VersionCountingBlockStore> blockStore;
   Data data;
 
+  std::pair<FakeBlockStore *, unique_ptr<VersionCountingBlockStore>> makeBlockStoreWithDeletionPrevention() {
+    FakeBlockStore *baseBlockStore = new FakeBlockStore;
+    auto blockStore = make_unique<VersionCountingBlockStore>(std::move(cpputils::nullcheck(std::unique_ptr<FakeBlockStore>(baseBlockStore)).value()), stateFile.path(), true);
+    return std::make_pair(baseBlockStore, std::move(blockStore));
+  }
+
+  std::pair<FakeBlockStore *, unique_ptr<VersionCountingBlockStore>> makeBlockStoreWithoutDeletionPrevention() {
+    FakeBlockStore *baseBlockStore = new FakeBlockStore;
+    auto blockStore = make_unique<VersionCountingBlockStore>(std::move(cpputils::nullcheck(std::unique_ptr<FakeBlockStore>(baseBlockStore)).value()), stateFile.path(), false);
+    return std::make_pair(baseBlockStore, std::move(blockStore));
+  }
+
   blockstore::Key CreateBlockReturnKey() {
     return CreateBlockReturnKey(data);
   }
@@ -174,9 +188,33 @@ TEST_F(VersionCountingBlockStoreTest, RollbackPrevention_AllowsReintroducingDele
   EXPECT_NE(boost::none, blockStore->load(key));
 }
 
+// Check that in a multi-client scenario, missing blocks are not integrity errors, because another client might have deleted them.
+TEST_F(VersionCountingBlockStoreTest, DeletionPrevention_AllowsDeletingBlocksWhenDeactivated) {
+  FakeBlockStore *baseBlockStore;
+  unique_ptr<VersionCountingBlockStore> blockStore;
+  std::tie(baseBlockStore, blockStore) = makeBlockStoreWithoutDeletionPrevention();
+  auto key = blockStore->create(Data(0))->key();
+  baseBlockStore->remove(baseBlockStore->load(key).value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(boost::none, blockStore->load(key));
+}
+
+// Check that in a single-client scenario, missing blocks are integrity errors.
+TEST_F(VersionCountingBlockStoreTest, DeletionPrevention_DoesntAllowDeletingBlocksWhenActivated) {
+  FakeBlockStore *baseBlockStore;
+  unique_ptr<VersionCountingBlockStore> blockStore;
+  std::tie(baseBlockStore, blockStore) = makeBlockStoreWithDeletionPrevention();
+  auto key = blockStore->create(Data(0))->key();
+  baseBlockStore->remove(baseBlockStore->load(key).value());
+  EXPECT_THROW(
+      blockStore->load(key),
+      IntegrityViolationError
+  );
+}
+
 // TODO Test more integrity cases:
 //   - RollbackPrevention_DoesntAllowReintroducingDeletedBlocks with different client id (i.e. trying to re-introduce the newest block of a different client)
 //   - RollbackPrevention_AllowsReintroducingDeletedBlocksWithNewVersionNumber with different client id
+//   - Think about more...
 
 TEST_F(VersionCountingBlockStoreTest, PhysicalBlockSize_zerophysical) {
   EXPECT_EQ(0u, blockStore->blockSizeFromPhysicalBlockSize(0));