diff --git a/init_dir.go b/init_dir.go
index e264cf0..6bc977f 100644
--- a/init_dir.go
+++ b/init_dir.go
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func initDir(args *argContainer) {
 	// Forward mode with filename encryption enabled needs a gocryptfs.diriv file
 	// in the root dir
 	if !args.plaintextnames && !args.reverse {
-		err = nametransform.WriteDirIV(nil, args.cipherdir)
+		err = nametransform.WriteDirIV(-1, args.cipherdir)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Fatal.Println(err)
 			os.Exit(exitcodes.Init)
diff --git a/internal/fusefrontend/fs.go b/internal/fusefrontend/fs.go
index 0e198d6..71d550e 100644
--- a/internal/fusefrontend/fs.go
+++ b/internal/fusefrontend/fs.go
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Open(path string, flags uint32, context *fuse.Context) (fuseFile n
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	fd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, newFlags, 0)
+	fd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, cName, newFlags, 0)
 	// Handle a few specific errors
 	if err != nil {
 		if err == syscall.EMFILE {
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ func (fs *FS) Open(path string, flags uint32, context *fuse.Context) (fuseFile n
 // problem if the file permissions do not allow reading (i.e. 0200 permissions).
 // This function works around that problem by chmod'ing the file, obtaining a fd,
 // and chmod'ing it back.
-func (fs *FS) openWriteOnlyFile(dirfd *os.File, cName string, newFlags int) (fuseFile nodefs.File, status fuse.Status) {
-	woFd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, syscall.O_WRONLY|syscall.O_NOFOLLOW, 0)
+func (fs *FS) openWriteOnlyFile(dirfd int, cName string, newFlags int) (fuseFile nodefs.File, status fuse.Status) {
+	woFd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, cName, syscall.O_WRONLY|syscall.O_NOFOLLOW, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func (fs *FS) openWriteOnlyFile(dirfd *os.File, cName string, newFlags int) (fus
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("openWriteOnlyFile: reverting permissions failed: %v", err2)
 		}
 	}()
-	rwFd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, newFlags, 0)
+	rwFd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, cName, newFlags, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
@@ -210,12 +210,12 @@ func (fs *FS) Create(path string, flags uint32, mode uint32, context *fuse.Conte
 
 	// Handle long file name
 	if !fs.args.PlaintextNames && nametransform.IsLongContent(cName) {
-		var dirfd *os.File
-		dirfd, err = os.Open(filepath.Dir(cPath))
+		var dirfd int
+		dirfd, err = syscall.Open(filepath.Dir(cPath), syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_DIRECTORY, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
-		defer dirfd.Close()
+		defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 
 		// Create ".name"
 		err = fs.nameTransform.WriteLongName(dirfd, cName, path)
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Create(path string, flags uint32, mode uint32, context *fuse.Conte
 
 		// Create content
 		var fdRaw int
-		fdRaw, err = syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, newFlags|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, mode)
+		fdRaw, err = syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, cName, newFlags|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, mode)
 		if err != nil {
 			nametransform.DeleteLongName(dirfd, cName)
 			return nil, fuse.ToStatus(err)
@@ -257,10 +257,10 @@ func (fs *FS) Chmod(path string, mode uint32, context *fuse.Context) (code fuse.
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer dirfd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 	// os.Chmod goes through the "syscallMode" translation function that messes
 	// up the suid and sgid bits. So use a syscall directly.
-	err = syscallcompat.Fchmodat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, mode, unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
+	err = syscallcompat.Fchmodat(dirfd, cName, mode, unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 	return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 }
 
@@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ func (fs *FS) Chown(path string, uid uint32, gid uint32, context *fuse.Context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer dirfd.Close()
-	code = fuse.ToStatus(syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, int(uid), int(gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW))
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
+	code = fuse.ToStatus(syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, cName, int(uid), int(gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW))
 	if !code.Ok() {
 		return code
 	}
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Chown(path string, uid uint32, gid uint32, context *fuse.Context)
 		// Instead of checking if "cName" is a directory, we just blindly
 		// execute the chown on "cName/gocryptfs.diriv" and ignore errors.
 		dirIVPath := filepath.Join(cName, nametransform.DirIVFilename)
-		syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), dirIVPath, int(uid), int(gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
+		syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, dirIVPath, int(uid), int(gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 	}
 	return fuse.OK
 }
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Mknod(path string, mode uint32, dev uint32, context *fuse.Context)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer dirfd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 	// Create ".name" file to store long file name (except in PlaintextNames mode)
 	if !fs.args.PlaintextNames && nametransform.IsLongContent(cName) {
 		err = fs.nameTransform.WriteLongName(dirfd, cName, path)
@@ -306,20 +306,20 @@ func (fs *FS) Mknod(path string, mode uint32, dev uint32, context *fuse.Context)
 			return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
 		// Create "gocryptfs.longfile." device node
-		err = syscallcompat.Mknodat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, mode, int(dev))
+		err = syscallcompat.Mknodat(dirfd, cName, mode, int(dev))
 		if err != nil {
 			nametransform.DeleteLongName(dirfd, cName)
 		}
 	} else {
 		// Create regular device node
-		err = syscallcompat.Mknodat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, mode, int(dev))
+		err = syscallcompat.Mknodat(dirfd, cName, mode, int(dev))
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
 	// Set owner
 	if fs.args.PreserveOwner {
-		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
+		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
 			int(context.Owner.Gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("Mknod: Fchownat failed: %v", err)
@@ -416,9 +416,9 @@ func (fs *FS) Unlink(path string, context *fuse.Context) (code fuse.Status) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer dirfd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 	// Delete content
-	err = syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, 0)
+	err = syscallcompat.Unlinkat(dirfd, cName, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Symlink(target string, linkName string, context *fuse.Context) (co
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer dirfd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 	cTarget := target
 	if !fs.args.PlaintextNames {
 		// Symlinks are encrypted like file contents (GCM) and base64-encoded
@@ -467,20 +467,20 @@ func (fs *FS) Symlink(target string, linkName string, context *fuse.Context) (co
 			return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
 		// Create "gocryptfs.longfile." symlink
-		err = syscallcompat.Symlinkat(cTarget, int(dirfd.Fd()), cName)
+		err = syscallcompat.Symlinkat(cTarget, dirfd, cName)
 		if err != nil {
 			nametransform.DeleteLongName(dirfd, cName)
 		}
 	} else {
 		// Create symlink
-		err = syscallcompat.Symlinkat(cTarget, int(dirfd.Fd()), cName)
+		err = syscallcompat.Symlinkat(cTarget, dirfd, cName)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
 	// Set owner
 	if fs.args.PreserveOwner {
-		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
+		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
 			int(context.Owner.Gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("Symlink: Fchownat failed: %v", err)
@@ -510,32 +510,32 @@ func (fs *FS) Rename(oldPath string, newPath string, context *fuse.Context) (cod
 		return fuse.ToStatus(syscall.Rename(cOldPath, cNewPath))
 	}
 	// Handle long source file name
-	var oldDirFd *os.File
-	var finalOldDirFd int
+	oldDirFd := -1
+	finalOldDirFd := -1
 	var finalOldPath = cOldPath
 	cOldName := filepath.Base(cOldPath)
 	if nametransform.IsLongContent(cOldName) {
-		oldDirFd, err = os.Open(filepath.Dir(cOldPath))
+		oldDirFd, err = syscall.Open(filepath.Dir(cOldPath), syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_DIRECTORY, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
-		defer oldDirFd.Close()
-		finalOldDirFd = int(oldDirFd.Fd())
+		defer syscall.Close(oldDirFd)
+		finalOldDirFd = oldDirFd
 		// Use relative path
 		finalOldPath = cOldName
 	}
 	// Handle long destination file name
-	var newDirFd *os.File
-	var finalNewDirFd int
-	var finalNewPath = cNewPath
+	newDirFd := -1
+	finalNewDirFd := -1
+	finalNewPath := cNewPath
 	cNewName := filepath.Base(cNewPath)
 	if nametransform.IsLongContent(cNewName) {
-		newDirFd, err = os.Open(filepath.Dir(cNewPath))
+		newDirFd, err = syscall.Open(filepath.Dir(cNewPath), syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_DIRECTORY, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
-		defer newDirFd.Close()
-		finalNewDirFd = int(newDirFd.Fd())
+		defer syscall.Close(newDirFd)
+		finalNewDirFd = newDirFd
 		// Use relative path
 		finalNewPath = cNewName
 		// Create destination .name file
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Rename(oldPath string, newPath string, context *fuse.Context) (cod
 		// file anyway. We still set newDirFd to nil to ensure that we do not delete
 		// the file on error.
 		if err == syscall.EEXIST {
-			newDirFd = nil
+			newDirFd = -1
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
@@ -565,13 +565,13 @@ func (fs *FS) Rename(oldPath string, newPath string, context *fuse.Context) (cod
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		if newDirFd != nil {
+		if newDirFd >= 0 {
 			// Roll back .name creation
 			nametransform.DeleteLongName(newDirFd, cNewName)
 		}
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	if oldDirFd != nil {
+	if oldDirFd >= 0 {
 		nametransform.DeleteLongName(oldDirFd, cOldName)
 	}
 	return fuse.OK
@@ -586,12 +586,12 @@ func (fs *FS) Link(oldPath string, newPath string, context *fuse.Context) (code
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer oldDirFd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(oldDirFd)
 	newDirFd, cNewName, err := fs.openBackingDir(newPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer newDirFd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(newDirFd)
 	// Handle long file name (except in PlaintextNames mode)
 	if !fs.args.PlaintextNames && nametransform.IsLongContent(cNewName) {
 		err = fs.nameTransform.WriteLongName(newDirFd, cNewName, newPath)
@@ -599,13 +599,13 @@ func (fs *FS) Link(oldPath string, newPath string, context *fuse.Context) (code
 			return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 		}
 		// Create "gocryptfs.longfile." link
-		err = syscallcompat.Linkat(int(oldDirFd.Fd()), cOldName, int(newDirFd.Fd()), cNewName, 0)
+		err = syscallcompat.Linkat(oldDirFd, cOldName, newDirFd, cNewName, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			nametransform.DeleteLongName(newDirFd, cNewName)
 		}
 	} else {
 		// Create regular link
-		err = syscallcompat.Linkat(int(oldDirFd.Fd()), cOldName, int(newDirFd.Fd()), cNewName, 0)
+		err = syscallcompat.Linkat(oldDirFd, cOldName, newDirFd, cNewName, 0)
 	}
 	return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 }
diff --git a/internal/fusefrontend/fs_dir.go b/internal/fusefrontend/fs_dir.go
index b9266dd..df22100 100644
--- a/internal/fusefrontend/fs_dir.go
+++ b/internal/fusefrontend/fs_dir.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const dsStoreName = ".DS_Store"
 // mkdirWithIv - create a new directory and corresponding diriv file. dirfd
 // should be a handle to the parent directory, cName is the name of the new
 // directory and mode specifies the access permissions to use.
-func (fs *FS) mkdirWithIv(dirfd *os.File, cName string, mode uint32) error {
+func (fs *FS) mkdirWithIv(dirfd int, cName string, mode uint32) error {
 	// Between the creation of the directory and the creation of gocryptfs.diriv
 	// the directory is inconsistent. Take the lock to prevent other readers
 	// from seeing it.
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ func (fs *FS) mkdirWithIv(dirfd *os.File, cName string, mode uint32) error {
 	// The new directory may take the place of an older one that is still in the cache
 	fs.nameTransform.DirIVCache.Clear()
 	defer fs.dirIVLock.Unlock()
-	err := syscallcompat.Mkdirat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, mode)
+	err := syscallcompat.Mkdirat(dirfd, cName, mode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Create gocryptfs.diriv
 	err = nametransform.WriteDirIV(dirfd, cName)
 	if err != nil {
-		err2 := syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, unix.AT_REMOVEDIR)
+		err2 := syscallcompat.Unlinkat(dirfd, cName, unix.AT_REMOVEDIR)
 		if err2 != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("mkdirWithIv: rollback failed: %v", err2)
 		}
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ func (fs *FS) Mkdir(newPath string, mode uint32, context *fuse.Context) (code fu
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer dirfd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 	if fs.args.PlaintextNames {
-		err = syscallcompat.Mkdirat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, mode)
+		err = syscallcompat.Mkdirat(dirfd, cName, mode)
 		// Set owner
 		if fs.args.PreserveOwner {
-			err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
+			err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
 				int(context.Owner.Gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 			if err != nil {
 				tlog.Warn.Printf("Mkdir: Fchownat failed: %v", err)
@@ -98,19 +98,19 @@ func (fs *FS) Mkdir(newPath string, mode uint32, context *fuse.Context) (code fu
 	}
 	// Set permissions back to what the user wanted
 	if origMode != mode {
-		err = syscallcompat.Fchmodat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, origMode, unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
+		err = syscallcompat.Fchmodat(dirfd, cName, origMode, unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("Mkdir: Fchmodat failed: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 	// Set owner
 	if fs.args.PreserveOwner {
-		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
+		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, cName, int(context.Owner.Uid),
 			int(context.Owner.Gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("Mkdir: Fchownat 1 failed: %v", err)
 		}
-		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(int(dirfd.Fd()), filepath.Join(cName, nametransform.DirIVFilename),
+		err = syscallcompat.Fchownat(dirfd, filepath.Join(cName, nametransform.DirIVFilename),
 			int(context.Owner.Uid), int(context.Owner.Gid), unix.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("Mkdir: Fchownat 2 failed: %v", err)
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ func (fs *FS) Mkdir(newPath string, mode uint32, context *fuse.Context) (code fu
 }
 
 // haveDsstore return true if one of the entries in "names" is ".DS_Store".
-func haveDsstore(names []string) bool {
-	for _, n := range names {
-		if n == dsStoreName {
+func haveDsstore(entries []fuse.DirEntry) bool {
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		if e.Name == dsStoreName {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@ func (fs *FS) Rmdir(path string, context *fuse.Context) (code fuse.Status) {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
 	parentDir := filepath.Dir(cPath)
-	parentDirFd, err := os.Open(parentDir)
+	parentDirFd, err := syscall.Open(parentDir, syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_DIRECTORY, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	defer parentDirFd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(parentDirFd)
 
 	cName := filepath.Base(cPath)
-	dirfdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(parentDirFd.Fd()), cName,
+	dirfd, err := syscallcompat.Openat(parentDirFd, cName,
 		syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_NOFOLLOW, 0)
 	if err == syscall.EACCES {
 		// We need permission to read and modify the directory
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (fs *FS) Rmdir(path string, context *fuse.Context) (code fuse.Status) {
 		// Retry open
 		var st syscall.Stat_t
 		syscall.Lstat(cPath, &st)
-		dirfdRaw, err = syscallcompat.Openat(int(parentDirFd.Fd()), cName,
+		dirfd, err = syscallcompat.Openat(parentDirFd, cName,
 			syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_NOFOLLOW, 0)
 		// Undo the chmod if removing the directory failed
 		defer func() {
@@ -185,11 +185,10 @@ func (fs *FS) Rmdir(path string, context *fuse.Context) (code fuse.Status) {
 		tlog.Debug.Printf("Rmdir: Open: %v", err)
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
-	dirfd := os.NewFile(uintptr(dirfdRaw), cName)
-	defer dirfd.Close()
+	defer syscall.Close(dirfd)
 retry:
 	// Check directory contents
-	children, err := dirfd.Readdirnames(10)
+	children, err := syscallcompat.Getdents(dirfd)
 	if err == io.EOF {
 		// The directory is empty
 		tlog.Warn.Printf("Rmdir: %q: gocryptfs.diriv is missing", cPath)
@@ -223,27 +222,27 @@ retry:
 	// Protect against concurrent readers.
 	fs.dirIVLock.Lock()
 	defer fs.dirIVLock.Unlock()
-	err = syscallcompat.Renameat(int(dirfd.Fd()), nametransform.DirIVFilename,
-		int(parentDirFd.Fd()), tmpName)
+	err = syscallcompat.Renameat(dirfd, nametransform.DirIVFilename,
+		parentDirFd, tmpName)
 	if err != nil {
 		tlog.Warn.Printf("Rmdir: Renaming %s to %s failed: %v",
 			nametransform.DirIVFilename, tmpName, err)
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
 	// Actual Rmdir
-	err = syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(parentDirFd.Fd()), cName, unix.AT_REMOVEDIR)
+	err = syscallcompat.Unlinkat(parentDirFd, cName, unix.AT_REMOVEDIR)
 	if err != nil {
 		// This can happen if another file in the directory was created in the
 		// meantime, undo the rename
-		err2 := syscallcompat.Renameat(int(parentDirFd.Fd()), tmpName,
-			int(dirfd.Fd()), nametransform.DirIVFilename)
+		err2 := syscallcompat.Renameat(parentDirFd, tmpName,
+			dirfd, nametransform.DirIVFilename)
 		if err != nil {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("Rmdir: Rename rollback failed: %v", err2)
 		}
 		return fuse.ToStatus(err)
 	}
 	// Delete "gocryptfs.diriv.rmdir.XYZ"
-	err = syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(parentDirFd.Fd()), tmpName, 0)
+	err = syscallcompat.Unlinkat(parentDirFd, tmpName, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		tlog.Warn.Printf("Rmdir: Could not clean up %s: %v", tmpName, err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/fusefrontend/names.go b/internal/fusefrontend/names.go
index d7fbdce..86c87f0 100644
--- a/internal/fusefrontend/names.go
+++ b/internal/fusefrontend/names.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package fusefrontend
 // This file forwards file encryption operations to cryptfs
 
 import (
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
 	"github.com/rfjakob/gocryptfs/internal/configfile"
@@ -45,17 +44,17 @@ func (fs *FS) getBackingPath(relPath string) (string, error) {
 // "relPath" and returns the dirfd and the encrypted basename.
 // The caller should then use Openat(dirfd, cName, ...) and friends.
 // openBackingDir is secure against symlink races.
-func (fs *FS) openBackingDir(relPath string) (*os.File, string, error) {
+func (fs *FS) openBackingDir(relPath string) (int, string, error) {
 	cRelPath, err := fs.encryptPath(relPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", err
+		return -1, "", err
 	}
 	// Open parent dir
 	dirfd, err := syscallcompat.OpenDirNofollow(fs.args.Cipherdir, filepath.Dir(cRelPath))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", err
+		return -1, "", err
 	}
-	return os.NewFile(uintptr(dirfd), cRelPath), filepath.Base(cRelPath), nil
+	return dirfd, filepath.Base(cRelPath), nil
 }
 
 // encryptPath - encrypt relative plaintext path
diff --git a/internal/nametransform/diriv.go b/internal/nametransform/diriv.go
index 1a72d2a..81e44da 100644
--- a/internal/nametransform/diriv.go
+++ b/internal/nametransform/diriv.go
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ func ReadDirIV(dir string) (iv []byte, err error) {
 
 // ReadDirIVAt reads "gocryptfs.diriv" from the directory that is opened as "dirfd".
 // Using the dirfd makes it immune to concurrent renames of the directory.
-func ReadDirIVAt(dirfd *os.File) (iv []byte, err error) {
-	fdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), DirIVFilename,
+func ReadDirIVAt(dirfd int) (iv []byte, err error) {
+	fdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, DirIVFilename,
 		syscall.O_RDONLY|syscall.O_NOFOLLOW, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("openat failed: %v", err)
@@ -82,16 +82,16 @@ func fdReadDirIV(fd *os.File) (iv []byte, err error) {
 // "dir" should be a path (without slashes) relative to the directory
 // described by "dirfd". This function is exported because it is used from
 // pathfs_frontend, main, and also the automated tests.
-func WriteDirIV(dirfd *os.File, dir string) error {
+func WriteDirIV(dirfd int, dir string) error {
 	// For relative paths we do not expect that "dir" contains slashes
-	if dirfd != nil && strings.Contains(dir, "/") {
+	if dirfd >= 0 && strings.Contains(dir, "/") {
 		log.Panicf("WriteDirIV: Relative path should not contain slashes: %v", dir)
 	}
 	iv := cryptocore.RandBytes(DirIVLen)
 	file := filepath.Join(dir, DirIVFilename)
 	// 0400 permissions: gocryptfs.diriv should never be modified after creation.
 	// Don't use "ioutil.WriteFile", it causes trouble on NFS: https://github.com/rfjakob/gocryptfs/issues/105
-	fdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), file, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, 0400)
+	fdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, file, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, 0400)
 	if err != nil {
 		tlog.Warn.Printf("WriteDirIV: Openat: %v", err)
 		return err
@@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ func WriteDirIV(dirfd *os.File, dir string) error {
 			tlog.Warn.Printf("WriteDirIV: Write: %v", err)
 		}
 		// Delete incomplete gocryptfs.diriv file
-		syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(dirfd.Fd()), file, 0)
+		syscallcompat.Unlinkat(dirfd, file, 0)
 		return err
 	}
 	err = fd.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		tlog.Warn.Printf("WriteDirIV: Close: %v", err)
 		// Delete incomplete gocryptfs.diriv file
-		syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(dirfd.Fd()), file, 0)
+		syscallcompat.Unlinkat(dirfd, file, 0)
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
diff --git a/internal/nametransform/longnames.go b/internal/nametransform/longnames.go
index 614af47..01280a8 100644
--- a/internal/nametransform/longnames.go
+++ b/internal/nametransform/longnames.go
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ func ReadLongName(path string) (string, error) {
 }
 
 // DeleteLongName deletes "hashName.name".
-func DeleteLongName(dirfd *os.File, hashName string) error {
-	err := syscallcompat.Unlinkat(int(dirfd.Fd()), hashName+LongNameSuffix, 0)
+func DeleteLongName(dirfd int, hashName string) error {
+	err := syscallcompat.Unlinkat(dirfd, hashName+LongNameSuffix, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		tlog.Warn.Printf("DeleteLongName: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func DeleteLongName(dirfd *os.File, hashName string) error {
 // WriteLongName encrypts plainName and writes it into "hashName.name".
 // For the convenience of the caller, plainName may also be a path and will be
 // converted internally.
-func (n *NameTransform) WriteLongName(dirfd *os.File, hashName string, plainName string) (err error) {
+func (n *NameTransform) WriteLongName(dirfd int, hashName string, plainName string) (err error) {
 	plainName = filepath.Base(plainName)
 
 	// Encrypt the basename
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (n *NameTransform) WriteLongName(dirfd *os.File, hashName string, plainName
 	cName := n.EncryptName(plainName, dirIV)
 
 	// Write the encrypted name into hashName.name
-	fdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(int(dirfd.Fd()), hashName+LongNameSuffix,
+	fdRaw, err := syscallcompat.Openat(dirfd, hashName+LongNameSuffix,
 		syscall.O_WRONLY|syscall.O_CREAT|syscall.O_EXCL, 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Don't warn if the file already exists - this is allowed for renames
diff --git a/tests/test_helpers/helpers.go b/tests/test_helpers/helpers.go
index 479bf72..b36056e 100644
--- a/tests/test_helpers/helpers.go
+++ b/tests/test_helpers/helpers.go
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func ResetTmpDir(createDirIV bool) {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	if createDirIV {
-		err = nametransform.WriteDirIV(nil, DefaultCipherDir)
+		err = nametransform.WriteDirIV(-1, DefaultCipherDir)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}