""" This module implements Pauli algebra by subclassing Symbol. Only algebraic properties of Pauli matrices are used (we don't use the Matrix class). See the documentation to the class Pauli for examples. References ========== .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_matrices """ from sympy import Symbol, I, Mul, Pow, Add from sympy.physics.quantum import TensorProduct __all__ = ['evaluate_pauli_product'] def delta(i, j): """ Returns 1 if ``i == j``, else 0. This is used in the multiplication of Pauli matrices. Examples ======== >>> from sympy.physics.paulialgebra import delta >>> delta(1, 1) 1 >>> delta(2, 3) 0 """ if i == j: return 1 else: return 0 def epsilon(i, j, k): """ Return 1 if i,j,k is equal to (1,2,3), (2,3,1), or (3,1,2); -1 if ``i``,``j``,``k`` is equal to (1,3,2), (3,2,1), or (2,1,3); else return 0. This is used in the multiplication of Pauli matrices. Examples ======== >>> from sympy.physics.paulialgebra import epsilon >>> epsilon(1, 2, 3) 1 >>> epsilon(1, 3, 2) -1 """ if (i, j, k) in [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2)]: return 1 elif (i, j, k) in [(1, 3, 2), (3, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3)]: return -1 else: return 0 class Pauli(Symbol): """ The class representing algebraic properties of Pauli matrices. Explanation =========== The symbol used to display the Pauli matrices can be changed with an optional parameter ``label="sigma"``. Pauli matrices with different ``label`` attributes cannot multiply together. If the left multiplication of symbol or number with Pauli matrix is needed, please use parentheses to separate Pauli and symbolic multiplication (for example: 2*I*(Pauli(3)*Pauli(2))). Another variant is to use evaluate_pauli_product function to evaluate the product of Pauli matrices and other symbols (with commutative multiply rules). See Also ======== evaluate_pauli_product Examples ======== >>> from sympy.physics.paulialgebra import Pauli >>> Pauli(1) sigma1 >>> Pauli(1)*Pauli(2) I*sigma3 >>> Pauli(1)*Pauli(1) 1 >>> Pauli(3)**4 1 >>> Pauli(1)*Pauli(2)*Pauli(3) I >>> from sympy.physics.paulialgebra import Pauli >>> Pauli(1, label="tau") tau1 >>> Pauli(1)*Pauli(2, label="tau") sigma1*tau2 >>> Pauli(1, label="tau")*Pauli(2, label="tau") I*tau3 >>> from sympy import I >>> I*(Pauli(2)*Pauli(3)) -sigma1 >>> from sympy.physics.paulialgebra import evaluate_pauli_product >>> f = I*Pauli(2)*Pauli(3) >>> f I*sigma2*sigma3 >>> evaluate_pauli_product(f) -sigma1 """ __slots__ = ("i", "label") def __new__(cls, i, label="sigma"): if not i in [1, 2, 3]: raise IndexError("Invalid Pauli index") obj = Symbol.__new__(cls, "%s%d" %(label,i), commutative=False, hermitian=True) obj.i = i obj.label = label return obj def __getnewargs_ex__(self): return (self.i, self.label), {} def _hashable_content(self): return (self.i, self.label) # FIXME don't work for -I*Pauli(2)*Pauli(3) def __mul__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Pauli): j = self.i k = other.i jlab = self.label klab = other.label if jlab == klab: return delta(j, k) \ + I*epsilon(j, k, 1)*Pauli(1,jlab) \ + I*epsilon(j, k, 2)*Pauli(2,jlab) \ + I*epsilon(j, k, 3)*Pauli(3,jlab) return super().__mul__(other) def _eval_power(b, e): if e.is_Integer and e.is_positive: return super().__pow__(int(e) % 2) def evaluate_pauli_product(arg): '''Help function to evaluate Pauli matrices product with symbolic objects. Parameters ========== arg: symbolic expression that contains Paulimatrices Examples ======== >>> from sympy.physics.paulialgebra import Pauli, evaluate_pauli_product >>> from sympy import I >>> evaluate_pauli_product(I*Pauli(1)*Pauli(2)) -sigma3 >>> from sympy.abc import x >>> evaluate_pauli_product(x**2*Pauli(2)*Pauli(1)) -I*x**2*sigma3 ''' start = arg end = arg if isinstance(arg, Pow) and isinstance(arg.args[0], Pauli): if arg.args[1].is_odd: return arg.args[0] else: return 1 if isinstance(arg, Add): return Add(*[evaluate_pauli_product(part) for part in arg.args]) if isinstance(arg, TensorProduct): return TensorProduct(*[evaluate_pauli_product(part) for part in arg.args]) elif not(isinstance(arg, Mul)): return arg while ((not(start == end)) | ((start == arg) & (end == arg))): start = end tmp = start.as_coeff_mul() sigma_product = 1 com_product = 1 keeper = 1 for el in tmp[1]: if isinstance(el, Pauli): sigma_product *= el elif not(el.is_commutative): if isinstance(el, Pow) and isinstance(el.args[0], Pauli): if el.args[1].is_odd: sigma_product *= el.args[0] elif isinstance(el, TensorProduct): keeper = keeper*sigma_product*\ TensorProduct( *[evaluate_pauli_product(part) for part in el.args] ) sigma_product = 1 else: keeper = keeper*sigma_product*el sigma_product = 1 else: com_product *= el end = (tmp[0]*keeper*sigma_product*com_product) if end == arg: break return end