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******************
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Image from scratch
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******************
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.. todo::
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* /etc/motd
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Choices
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=======
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have up-to-date mirrors available
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---------------------------------
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.. todo:: sync mirrors
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.. todo:: check mirrors
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critical base packages
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----------------------
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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| locales | to get localization binaries for system messages |
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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| apt-utils | otherwise packages configuration gets delayed |
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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| dialog | to have user interaction possible with APT |
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+-----------+--------------------------------------------------+
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decide the desired type of system
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---------------------------------
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* will the system run
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* 64 bits?
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* 32 bits?
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* both?
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* will the system be run by
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* a physical machine?
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* a virtual machine?
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* a container?
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* a container inside a virtual machine?
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* will the system be stored
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* read-write, as a file system on a dedicated partition?
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* read-only, as a single file loaded in RAM at boot time?
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Install required tools
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======================
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============== ========================================
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debootstrap generate a minimal base file system
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squashfs-tools archive or unarchive a file system image
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============== ========================================
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.. code:: shell
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apt install debootstrap squashfs-tools
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Create a base file hierarchy
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============================
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prepare the system's directory
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------------------------------
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* become root
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* make a directory and step into it
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.. code:: shell
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su
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.. code:: shell
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mkdir -p "path"
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cd "path"
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generate the minimal base
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-------------------------
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.. code:: shell
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debootstrap \
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--arch="amd64" \
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--include="locales,apt-utils,dialog" \
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--variant="minbase" \
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"stretch" \
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. \
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"miroir"
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Configure preinstalled packages
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===============================
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define default keyboard layouts
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-------------------------------
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* /etc/default/keyboard
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::
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XKBMODEL="pc105"
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XKBLAYOUT="fr,fr"
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XKBVARIANT="oss,bepo"
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XKBOPTIONS=""
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BACKSPACE="guess"
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define default locales to generate
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----------------------------------
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* etc/default/locale
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::
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LANG=en_US.UTF-8
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LANGUAGE=en_US:en
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LC_CTYPE="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_NUMERIC="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_TIME="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_COLLATE="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_MONETARY="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_PAPER="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_NAME="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_ADDRESS="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_TELEPHONE="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_MEASUREMENT="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_IDENTIFICATION="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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* etc/locale.gen
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::
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en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
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fr_FR.UTF-8 UTF-8
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[configure command shell](../bash/index.md)
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-------------------------------------------
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[configure package manager](../apt/index.md)
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--------------------------------------------
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redefine hostname
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-----------------
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.. code:: shell
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echo "hostname" > "etc/hostname"
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provide known file systems
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--------------------------
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* etc/fstab
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Volume temporaire en RAM
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::
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tmpfs /tmp tmpfs auto,mode=1777 0 0
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Install additional packages
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===========================
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switch into context
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-------------------
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.. code:: shell
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mount --bind /proc proc
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mount --bind /sys sys
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chroot .
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.. todo:: /dev
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generate locales
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----------------
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.. code:: shell
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locale-gen
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define root password
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--------------------
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.. code:: shell
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passwd
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user, guest, sudo
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-----------------
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.. code:: shell
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apt-get install sudo
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useradd -s /bin/bash user
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mkdir /home/user
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chown user: /home/user
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adduser user sudo
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useradd -s /bin/bash guest
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chown guest: /home/guest
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authentications: passwords, SSH keys
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------------------------------------
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.. todo:: files
|
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|
|
upgrade system
|
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|
--------------
|
|
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|
* dans tous les cas :
|
|
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|
.. code:: shell
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|
apt-get update
|
|
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apt-get upgrade
|
|
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|
|
* si besoin, car des paquets rétroportés modifient la distribution :
|
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|
|
.. code:: shell
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|
|
apt-get dist-upgrade
|
|
|
|
|
|
apply system type elements
|
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
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|
|
================= ==================================================
|
|
|
linux-image-amd64 s’il ne s’agit pas d’un conteneur
|
|
|
live-boot si à destination de boot live
|
|
|
systemd-sysv sans quoi le système ne démarrera pas complètement
|
|
|
================= ==================================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get install -t stretch-backports "linux-image-amd64"
|
|
|
apt-get install "live-boot"
|
|
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
|
|
initialization settings
|
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get install -t stretch-backports "systemd-sysv"
|
|
|
|
|
|
* etc/sysctl.conf
|
|
|
|
|
|
Espace mémoire maximum allouable (à augmenter si hébergement de conteneurs)
|
|
|
Pourcentage de RAM disponible avant utilisation de la partition d’échange
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: ini
|
|
|
|
|
|
vm.max_map_count=1048576
|
|
|
vm.swappiness=0
|
|
|
|
|
|
keeping things light
|
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get install --no-install-recommends …
|
|
|
|
|
|
install useful packages
|
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get install \
|
|
|
bash-completion \
|
|
|
lxc \
|
|
|
less nano vim \
|
|
|
pciutils usbutils \
|
|
|
python3 \
|
|
|
squashfs-tools \
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get install -t "stretch-backports" \
|
|
|
debootstrap \
|
|
|
|
|
|
install other packages
|
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Choix de paquets commentés](packages.md)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get install "package1" …
|
|
|
apt-get install -t stretch-backports "package1" …
|
|
|
|
|
|
properly switch back from context
|
|
|
---------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
* vider le cache d’APT
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
apt-get clean
|
|
|
|
|
|
* s’extraire de l’environnement
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
exit
|
|
|
|
|
|
* démonter les liens au système hôte
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
umount sys
|
|
|
umount proc
|
|
|
|
|
|
clean up commands history
|
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
* root/.bash_history
|
|
|
|
|
|
Configure installed packages
|
|
|
============================
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. todo:: files
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archive prepared file system
|
|
|
============================
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. code:: shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
mksquashfs . "../name.squashfs" -comp "xz"
|
