10144 lines
518 KiB
HTML
10144 lines
518 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<title data-rh="true">
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L’aventure Superphénix🔥. Superphénix… s’il est un réacteur… | by
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Dragonfeu
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</title>
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<meta
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data-rh="true"
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name="title"
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content="L’aventure Superphénix🔥. Superphénix… s’il est un réacteur… | by Dragonfeu | Medium"
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/>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="root">
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<div class="a b c">
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<div class="d e f g h i j k"></div>
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<script>
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document.domain = document.domain;
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<div class="l c">
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<div class="l m n o c">
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<div class="p q r s t u v w x i d y z">
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<a
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class="du ag dv bf ak b am an ao ap aq ar as at s u w i d q dw z"
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href="https://rsci.app.link/?%24canonical_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fp%2Ff23c9a43cc08&%7Efeature=LoOpenInAppButton&%7Echannel=ShowPostUnderUser&source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"
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rel="noopener follow"
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>Open in app<svg
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="10"
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height="10"
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fill="none"
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viewBox="0 0 10 10"
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class="dt"
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<path
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fill="currentColor"
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<div class="ab q">
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<p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du">
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<span
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><button
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class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff"
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data-testid="headerSignUpButton"
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>
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Sign up
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</button></span
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>
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</p>
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<div class="ax l">
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<p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du">
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<span
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><a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
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data-testid="headerSignInButton"
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%C3%A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav-----------"
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>Sign in</a
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></span
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="p q r ab ac">
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<div class="ab q ae">
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<a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab"
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aria-label="Homepage"
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data-testid="headerMediumLogo"
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/?source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"
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><svg
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="719"
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height="160"
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viewBox="0 0 719 160"
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class="au av aw"
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<path
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fill="#242424"
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></path></svg
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></a>
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<div class="ax h">
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<div class="ab ay az ba bb q bc bd">
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<div
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class="bm"
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aria-hidden="false"
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aria-describedby="searchResults"
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aria-labelledby="searchResults"
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></div>
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<div class="bn bo ab">
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<svg
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="24"
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height="24"
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fill="none"
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viewBox="0 0 24 24"
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>
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<path
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fill="currentColor"
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fill-rule="evenodd"
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d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z"
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clip-rule="evenodd"
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></path>
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</svg>
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</div>
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<input
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role="combobox"
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aria-controls="searchResults"
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aria-expanded="false"
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aria-label="search"
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data-testid="headerSearchInput"
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tabindex="0"
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class="ay be bf bg z bh bi bj bk bl"
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placeholder="Search"
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value=""
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/>
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</div>
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<div class="h k w fg fh">
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<div class="fi ab">
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<span
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><a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
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data-testid="headerWriteButton"
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/m/signin?operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fnew-story&source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------new_post_topnav-----------"
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><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm">
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<svg
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="24"
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fill="none"
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viewBox="0 0 24 24"
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aria-label="Write"
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<path
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fill="currentColor"
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d="M14 4a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1zm7 6a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0zm-7-7H4v1h10zM3 4v16h1V4zm1 17h16v-1H4zm17-1V10h-1v10zm-1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1-1h-1zM3 20a1 1 0 0 0 1 1v-1zM4 3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1h1z"
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<path
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stroke="currentColor"
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></path>
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</svg>
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<div class="dt l">Write</div>
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</div></a
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></span
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>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="k j i d">
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<div class="fi ab">
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<a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
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data-testid="headerSearchButton"
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/search?source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"
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><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm">
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<svg
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="24"
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height="24"
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fill="none"
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viewBox="0 0 24 24"
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aria-label="Search"
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>
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<path
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fill="currentColor"
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fill-rule="evenodd"
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d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z"
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clip-rule="evenodd"
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</svg></div
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></a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="fi h k j">
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<div class="ab q">
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<p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du">
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<span
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><button
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class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff"
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data-testid="headerSignUpButton"
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>
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Sign up
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</button></span
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>
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</p>
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<div class="ax l">
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<p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du">
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<span
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><a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
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data-testid="headerSignInButton"
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%C3%A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav-----------"
|
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>Sign in</a
|
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></span
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>
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="l" aria-hidden="false">
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<button
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class="ay fn am ab q ao fo fp fq"
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aria-label="user options menu"
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data-testid="headerUserIcon"
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>
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<div class="l fj">
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<img
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alt=""
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class="l fd by bz ca cx"
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src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png"
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width="32"
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height="32"
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loading="lazy"
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role="presentation"
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/>
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<div class="fr by l bz ca fs n ay ft"></div>
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</div>
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</button>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="l">
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<div class="fu fv fw fx fy l">
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<div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"></div></div>
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<article>
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<div class="l">
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<div class="l">
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<span class="l"></span>
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<section>
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<div>
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<div class="fs gi gj gk gl gm"></div>
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<div class="gn go gp gq gr">
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<div class="ab cb">
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<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
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<div>
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<h1
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id="12b4"
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class="pw-post-title gs gt gu bf gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu bk"
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|||
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data-testid="storyTitle"
|
|||
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>
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L’aventure Superphénix🔥
|
|||
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</h1>
|
|||
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<div>
|
|||
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<div class="speechify-ignore ab cp">
|
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<div class="speechify-ignore bh l">
|
|||
|
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<div class="hv hw hx hy hz ab">
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab ia">
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="bm"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="false"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---byline--f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
><div
|
|||
|
|
class="l ib ic by id ie"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="l fj">
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt="Dragonfeu"
|
|||
|
|
class="l fd by dd de cx"
|
|||
|
|
src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1*60DUNHT6Ctkb28GK-A_ymg.jpeg"
|
|||
|
|
width="44"
|
|||
|
|
height="44"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="authorPhoto"
|
|||
|
|
/>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="if by l dd de fs n ig ft"
|
|||
|
|
></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></div
|
|||
|
|
></a>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
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|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="bn bh l">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab">
|
|||
|
|
<div style="flex: 1">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="bf b bg z bk"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="ih ab q">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab q ii">
|
|||
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<div class="ab q">
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="bm"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="false"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b ij ik bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar il"
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="authorName"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---byline--f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
>Dragonfeu</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
class="im in"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="true"
|
|||
|
|
><span
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>·</span
|
|||
|
|
></span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="bf b ij ik du">
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
><a
|
|||
|
|
class="io ip ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar ex iq ir"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fsubscribe%2Fuser%2F7398e98dfa8&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%C3%A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&user=Dragonfeu&userId=7398e98dfa8&source=post_page-7398e98dfa8--byline--f23c9a43cc08---------------------post_header-----------"
|
|||
|
|
>Follow</a
|
|||
|
|
></span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="l is">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="ab cn it iu iv">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="ab ae">
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="storyReadTime"
|
|||
|
|
>21 min read</span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="iw ix l"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="true"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
class="l"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="true"
|
|||
|
|
><span
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>·</span
|
|||
|
|
></span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="storyPublishDate"
|
|||
|
|
>Aug 19, 2024</span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div></span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div></span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="ab cp iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="h k w fg fh q">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="kd l">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab q ke kf">
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj kg kh ki kj"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
><a
|
|||
|
|
class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="headerClapButton"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fp%2Ff23c9a43cc08&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%25C3%25A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&user=Dragonfeu&userId=7398e98dfa8&source=---header_actions--f23c9a43cc08---------------------clap_footer-----------"
|
|||
|
|
><div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="bm"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="false"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="kk ao kl km kn ko am kp kq kr kj"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<svg
|
|||
|
|
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
|||
|
|
width="24"
|
|||
|
|
height="24"
|
|||
|
|
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
|
|||
|
|
aria-label="clap"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<path
|
|||
|
|
fill-rule="evenodd"
|
|||
|
|
d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z"
|
|||
|
|
clip-rule="evenodd"
|
|||
|
|
></path>
|
|||
|
|
</svg>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></div></a
|
|||
|
|
></span>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-multi-vote-count l ks kt ku kv kw kx ky"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="bf b dv z du">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="kz">--</span>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="bm" aria-hidden="false">
|
|||
|
|
<button
|
|||
|
|
class="ao kk la lb ab q fk lc ld"
|
|||
|
|
aria-label="responses"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<svg
|
|||
|
|
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
|||
|
|
width="24"
|
|||
|
|
height="24"
|
|||
|
|
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
|
|||
|
|
class="le"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<path
|
|||
|
|
d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"
|
|||
|
|
></path>
|
|||
|
|
</svg>
|
|||
|
|
</button>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="ab q jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="lf k j i d"></div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="h k">
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="bm"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="false"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
><a
|
|||
|
|
class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="headerBookmarkButton"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Ff23c9a43cc08&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%25C3%25A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&source=---header_actions--f23c9a43cc08---------------------bookmark_footer-----------"
|
|||
|
|
><svg
|
|||
|
|
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
|||
|
|
width="25"
|
|||
|
|
height="25"
|
|||
|
|
fill="none"
|
|||
|
|
viewBox="0 0 25 25"
|
|||
|
|
class="du lg"
|
|||
|
|
aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<path
|
|||
|
|
fill="currentColor"
|
|||
|
|
d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"
|
|||
|
|
></path></svg></a
|
|||
|
|
></span>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="bm"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="false"
|
|||
|
|
aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu"
|
|||
|
|
aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="bm"
|
|||
|
|
aria-hidden="false"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<button
|
|||
|
|
aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu"
|
|||
|
|
aria-expanded="false"
|
|||
|
|
aria-label="Share Post"
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="headerSocialShareButton"
|
|||
|
|
class="af fk ah ai aj ak al lh an ao ap ex li lj ld lk ll lm ln lo s lp lq lr ls lt lu lv u lw lx ly"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<svg
|
|||
|
|
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
|||
|
|
width="24"
|
|||
|
|
height="24"
|
|||
|
|
fill="none"
|
|||
|
|
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<path
|
|||
|
|
fill="currentColor"
|
|||
|
|
fill-rule="evenodd"
|
|||
|
|
d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1"
|
|||
|
|
clip-rule="evenodd"
|
|||
|
|
></path>
|
|||
|
|
</svg>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="j i d">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="bf b bg z du">
|
|||
|
|
Share
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</button>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="d8b8"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix… s’il est un réacteur célèbre en
|
|||
|
|
France, c’est bien lui. J’en parle souvent, avec
|
|||
|
|
des regrets, mais aussi avec la fierté de vivre
|
|||
|
|
dans le pays qui a développé un réacteur unique
|
|||
|
|
au monde jamais égalé. En son temps, il était le
|
|||
|
|
roi de tous les réacteurs, du haut de ses 1240
|
|||
|
|
MW électriques, offrant un
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv">réél</strong> potentiel
|
|||
|
|
d’indépendance énergétique à la France.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="18fb"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Et si on en parlait, en prenant le temps, en
|
|||
|
|
développant les concepts ?
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="1408"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Pour celles & ceux n’ayant pas un attrait
|
|||
|
|
prononcé pour la technique, les premiers
|
|||
|
|
paragraphes de cet article établiront une
|
|||
|
|
présentation rapide de SPX. La suite ira plus en
|
|||
|
|
profondeur, en s’appuyant sur les livres de Joël
|
|||
|
|
Guidez, la monographie du CEA sur les RNR à
|
|||
|
|
caloporteurs sodium, et des documents de l’IRSN
|
|||
|
|
(sources à la fin de l’article).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my mz">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1024/format:webp/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 1024w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 512px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1024/0*VGFDdGUEuo8CM7x3.jpg 1024w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 512px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="512"
|
|||
|
|
height="341"
|
|||
|
|
loading="eager"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix - centrale nucléaire de
|
|||
|
|
Creys-Malville.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="b7e2"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Vous avez dit Superphénix ?
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="12c3"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix (désigné par le sigle SPX1 ou SPX)
|
|||
|
|
est un réacteur nucléaire à neutrons rapides
|
|||
|
|
(RNR) dont le caloporteur est le sodium (symbole
|
|||
|
|
Na) sous forme liquide.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="c1a2"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv">Neutron </strong>: c’est
|
|||
|
|
la particule élémentaire sans charge électrique
|
|||
|
|
qui est responsable des fissions des éléments
|
|||
|
|
fissiles (uranium 235 & plutonium 239
|
|||
|
|
principalement).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="09b2"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv">Neutron rapide</strong> :
|
|||
|
|
c’est un neutron de forte énergie cinétique (Ec
|
|||
|
|
= 0.5*masse*vitesse²). On utilise ce terme en
|
|||
|
|
opposition aux neutrons thermiques (plus lents)
|
|||
|
|
utilisés dans un réacteur à eau sous pression,
|
|||
|
|
ceux que la France exploite actuellement. Un
|
|||
|
|
neutron rapide n’a donc pas été ralenti dans un
|
|||
|
|
modérateur. Un neutron rapide a une vitesse d’au
|
|||
|
|
moins 13800 km/s, et un neutron thermique d’au
|
|||
|
|
moins 2.2 km/s.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my op">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*pGroXtn9G6c9UW_0 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="348"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les neutrons rapides sont issus directement de
|
|||
|
|
la fission. Ici c’est un réacteur avec un
|
|||
|
|
modérateur, qui va venir ralentir les neutrons
|
|||
|
|
rapides par une série de chocs. Les neutrons
|
|||
|
|
lents ont une probabilité de fission avec les
|
|||
|
|
noyaux d’U235 plus importante, et c’est ainsi
|
|||
|
|
que la réaction en chaîne est maintenue.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="dd11"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv">Caloporteur : </strong
|
|||
|
|
>vient du latin
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">calor </em>pour<em class="ou">
|
|||
|
|
</em
|
|||
|
|
>chaleur. C’est donc le nom donné au fluide qui
|
|||
|
|
circule pour extraire la chaleur. Dans un
|
|||
|
|
réacteur nucléaire il peut y en avoir plusieurs.
|
|||
|
|
Le plus connu est l’eau, qui sert à la fois de
|
|||
|
|
fluide d’échange au circuit primaire, secondaire
|
|||
|
|
et tertiaire.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="3e35"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Dans un réacteur à eau légère, on dit qu’on
|
|||
|
|
utilise des neutrons thermiques, ou lents. Ils
|
|||
|
|
ont perdu leur énergie cinétique par une
|
|||
|
|
succession de chocs, et cela permet d’augmenter
|
|||
|
|
sa “probabilité de fission” sur l’uranium 235.
|
|||
|
|
Et donc, pourquoi les neutrons “rapides” ? Pour
|
|||
|
|
aller fissionner plus facilement des atomes qui
|
|||
|
|
ne le sont pas avec des neutrons thermiques ! La
|
|||
|
|
courbe ci-dessous donne la “probabilité
|
|||
|
|
d’interaction” selon l’énergie du neutron. En
|
|||
|
|
rapide (1MeV donc), on voit une nette différence
|
|||
|
|
entre la capture et la fission. Autrement dit,
|
|||
|
|
dans le domaine rapide, probabilité de
|
|||
|
|
fissionner est plus de 10 fois supérieure à
|
|||
|
|
celle de l’absorption.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my ov">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1166/format:webp/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 1166w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 583px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1166/0*9MVY0vkUWY-00hr4.png 1166w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 583px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="583"
|
|||
|
|
height="403"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="14b9"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Mais on peut aussi fertiliser les atomes
|
|||
|
|
d’uranium 238 ! En le transformant en Pu239
|
|||
|
|
justement, qui lui est fissile… On en reparle
|
|||
|
|
juste en-dessous dans la partie “Surgénérateur
|
|||
|
|
ou incinérateur ?”…
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="43e7"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Quelles sont les différences entre un REP
|
|||
|
|
(réacteur actuel), et un RNR-Na?</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="dc1e"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le changement principal intervient sur le
|
|||
|
|
circuit primaire, comme détaillé ci-dessous. Un
|
|||
|
|
échangeur intermédiaire, lui aussi en sodium,
|
|||
|
|
est intercalé pour extraire la chaleur du cœur
|
|||
|
|
et la transmettre aux générateurs de vapeur.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cn cb ow">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/format:webp/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/1*MWi025hmCFaVeun2D32SwQ.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="ng bh nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Différences REP/RNR
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nf">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ox oy oz pa pb pc cf pd cg pe ci bh">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="na nb nc nd ne ab ke">
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="le nf pf pg ph pi pj paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1188/format:webp/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 1188w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 594px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1188/0*16UToNQ4NWTkP1SJ.jpg 1188w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 594px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="594"
|
|||
|
|
height="444"
|
|||
|
|
loading="eager"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="le nf pk pg ph pi pj paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:814/format:webp/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 814w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 407px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:814/0*x1s3N2FlzTGpmx0A.jpg 814w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 407px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="407"
|
|||
|
|
height="567"
|
|||
|
|
loading="eager"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du pl fj pm pn"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Schéma d’un REP sans aéroréfrigérant //
|
|||
|
|
Schéma de SPX
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="5c6e"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les différences seront explicitées plus bas dans
|
|||
|
|
la partie 3: “ La technologie RNR-Na”.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="ea70"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Surgénérateur, incinérateur, isogénérateur ?
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9068"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Selon l’organisation du cœur et ce qu’on met
|
|||
|
|
dans les assemblage combustible, plusieurs
|
|||
|
|
possibilités s’offrent aux RNR-Na. Deux familles
|
|||
|
|
nous intéressent. Les isotopes du plutonium et
|
|||
|
|
les actinides mineurs.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="667a"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les stocks de plutonium sont condamnés à
|
|||
|
|
augmenter à court terme, ils augmentent même
|
|||
|
|
dans les pays qui le recyclent (MOx), car les
|
|||
|
|
réacteurs actuels n’en font pas disparaître
|
|||
|
|
assez. Ce qu’on voit dans l’image ci-dessous est
|
|||
|
|
la masse accumulée selon le temps en fonction du
|
|||
|
|
cycle. Le cycle ouvert est l’option actuellement
|
|||
|
|
poursuivie en France. Le scénario MIX
|
|||
|
|
(valorisant les MOx) et RNR permettent
|
|||
|
|
d’abaisser considérablement ces stocks.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my po">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1000/format:webp/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 1000w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 500px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1000/0*zTZA5eFDPhLudxao.jpg 1000w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 500px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="500"
|
|||
|
|
height="258"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Stocks de matière à valoriser
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="4227"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Incinérateur ?
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="995c"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
En enlevant l’enveloppe d’uranium 238 autour du
|
|||
|
|
cœur, Superphénix pouvait devenir
|
|||
|
|
sous-générateur : il pouvait consommer plus de
|
|||
|
|
plutonium 239 qu’il n’en créait. Cela permettait
|
|||
|
|
donc d’incinérer les déchets accumulés les plus
|
|||
|
|
problématiques, et sans devoir miner un gramme
|
|||
|
|
d’uranium naturel. Superphénix pouvait également
|
|||
|
|
transmuter les actinides pour en faire des
|
|||
|
|
déchets à vie courte. Le RNR-Na est
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>le seul concept mature</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
capable de faire cela. Cette configuration a été
|
|||
|
|
celle de SPX durant toute son existence.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="7235"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Transmutateur ?
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="a665"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Pour les actinides, il est possible de remplacer
|
|||
|
|
certaines alvéoles par des assemblages spéciaux
|
|||
|
|
pour les faire fissionner, et réduire
|
|||
|
|
drastiquement leur durée de vie (de plusieurs
|
|||
|
|
centaines de milliers d’années à quelques
|
|||
|
|
centaines).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="984e"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al">Surgénérateur ?</strong>
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="023a"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La capture neutronique sur l’uranium 238 à
|
|||
|
|
l’intérieur du cœur ainsi que dans les
|
|||
|
|
enveloppes en périphéries de cœur pouvait
|
|||
|
|
produire plus de plutonium qu’il n’en
|
|||
|
|
consommait. Ainsi, il pouvait régénérer son
|
|||
|
|
propre stock de combustible à partir de matière
|
|||
|
|
fertile. Le cœur de SPX, bien que capable de
|
|||
|
|
passer en mode surgénération, n’a jamais été
|
|||
|
|
fait, mais cela était bel et bien prévu par
|
|||
|
|
l’exploitant.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my qe">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*-e6HZYGoOMeBXn22 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="700"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Fertilisation de l’U238 (<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.orano.group/en/unpacking-nuclear/all-about-plutonium#:~:text=In%20this%20reaction%2C%20uranium%2D238,239%20transforms%20into%20plutonium%2D239."
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>source</a
|
|||
|
|
>)
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<blockquote class="qg qh qi">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="af9d"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma ou mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Maintenant, on va un peu plus loin dans la
|
|||
|
|
technique. Voici le plan :</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="be6d"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
1. Pourquoi faire Superphénix ?
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="9bb1"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
2. L’histoire des RNR, du projet Manhattan
|
|||
|
|
jusqu’à SPX2
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="a07d"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
3. Pourquoi le sodium ?
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="5aba"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
4. Principes de conception généraux
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="cafc"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
5. Sûreté
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="9b71"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
6. Les matériaux
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="5127"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
7. Exploitation et bilan de SPX
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="9654"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
8. La suite de SPX
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="b785"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
9. Conclusion
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb qj qk ql qm" role="separator">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp"></span>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="gn go gp gq gr">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="483a"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np qr nr ns nt qs nv nw nx qt nz oa ob qu od oe of qv oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
1. Pourquoi faire Superphénix ?
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="20fd"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>Je reprendrai certains des mots de Georges
|
|||
|
|
Vendryes (1920–2014), grand serviteur du
|
|||
|
|
nucléaire français, dans “Superphénix pourquoi
|
|||
|
|
?”, ouvrage dont je recommande la lecture, il
|
|||
|
|
est accessible à toutes et tous.</em
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<blockquote class="qw">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="53ce"
|
|||
|
|
class="qx qy gu bf qz ra rb rc rd re rf mw du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
“Le premier pays qui mettra au point un
|
|||
|
|
réacteur nucléaire surgénérateur en tirera un
|
|||
|
|
avantage commercial décisif.” Enrico Fermi,
|
|||
|
|
1945.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="0ff9"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc rg me mf mg rh mi mj mk ri mm mn mo rj mq mr ms rk mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Le grand-père de Superphénix,
|
|||
|
|
Rapsodie</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="a16f"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La France d’après 1945 se relève doucement et
|
|||
|
|
créée en 1945 le Commissariat à l’Energie
|
|||
|
|
Atomique, pour que la France soit souveraine sur
|
|||
|
|
les technologies nucléaires militaires et
|
|||
|
|
civiles. La recherche sur les neutrons rapides
|
|||
|
|
en France part avec 10 ans de retard sur les
|
|||
|
|
Etats-Unis (Clementine, EBR-1), l’URSS (BR2, 5
|
|||
|
|
puis BR10) et la Grande-Bretagne (DFR). En 1958,
|
|||
|
|
le CEA l’avant-projet sommaire de Rapsodie,
|
|||
|
|
première “pile expérimentale à neutron rapides
|
|||
|
|
refroidie au sodium” (on appellerait ça un
|
|||
|
|
réacteur nucléaire aujourd’hui). L’objectif est
|
|||
|
|
d’acquérir des données expérimentales pour
|
|||
|
|
lancer plus tard un prototype dont on pourrait
|
|||
|
|
convertir l’énergie du cœur. L’aventure des
|
|||
|
|
neutrons rapides commence alors à Cadarache,
|
|||
|
|
dans le Sud de la France. Sa construction
|
|||
|
|
commença en 1962 et s’acheva en 1966, pour une
|
|||
|
|
première divergence et l’atteinte de sa pleine
|
|||
|
|
puissance (20MWth) en 1967. Il fut exploité
|
|||
|
|
pendant 15 ans, et a ouvert la voie à Phénix.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="6fc8"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv">Son père, Phénix.</strong>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="b8c4"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
EDF et le CEA signent en 1969 un protocole
|
|||
|
|
d’exploitation commun. Le réacteur fera 250MWe,
|
|||
|
|
permettant de garder les dimensions
|
|||
|
|
industrielles des groupes turbo-alternateurs
|
|||
|
|
disponibles à l’époque. Début des travaux en
|
|||
|
|
1968 et divergence en 1973, pleine puissance en
|
|||
|
|
1974. Malgré quelques incidents propres à tout
|
|||
|
|
prototype, le réacteur fonctionne 15 ans de
|
|||
|
|
façon remarquable, et est le premier à utiliser
|
|||
|
|
le plutonium qu’il a lui-même produit.<strong
|
|||
|
|
class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Il atteint un taux de régénération de
|
|||
|
|
1.16</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
(16% de matière fissile en plus à la fin du
|
|||
|
|
cycle par rapport au début).
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Le concept de surgénérateur est validé
|
|||
|
|
!</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="2717"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>La naissance de Superphénix.</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="2690"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Fin des années 70, après deux crises
|
|||
|
|
pétrolières, et après avoir valider un concept
|
|||
|
|
de RNR de grande puissance, la coopération
|
|||
|
|
européenne pour l’échelon industriel se met en
|
|||
|
|
place. Anglais, belges, hollandais, allemands,
|
|||
|
|
italiens et français travaillent ensemble à la
|
|||
|
|
construction de SPX. Le prototype de 1200MWe
|
|||
|
|
commencé en 1976 qui atteint sa pleine puissance
|
|||
|
|
en 1986. A l’époque EDF construisait les 900MWe
|
|||
|
|
et concevait les futurs 1300MWe. L’objectif
|
|||
|
|
était de se placer au même niveau que les
|
|||
|
|
réacteurs de puissance.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="1b45"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>La volonté de fermer le cycle du combustible
|
|||
|
|
français</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="497e"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les qualités des RNR du point de vue du cycle
|
|||
|
|
sont remarquables. Comme expliqué plus haut, les
|
|||
|
|
deux configurations de cœur de type
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">incinérateur </em>ou
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">surgénérateur</em> donnent à SPX
|
|||
|
|
un avantage considérable sur tous les autres
|
|||
|
|
réacteurs à neutrons thermiques (qui constituent
|
|||
|
|
au moins 95% des réacteurs actuels).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="5ae6"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">Plutonium</em>. Actuellement en
|
|||
|
|
France, il est utilisé dans les REP sous forme
|
|||
|
|
de MOx (“mix d’oxydes U-Pu”), mais il ne peut
|
|||
|
|
être utilisé qu’une fois, sa qualité isotopique
|
|||
|
|
se dégradant (c’est à dire que la proportion des
|
|||
|
|
isotopes pairs, non fissiles, augmente). Le
|
|||
|
|
multi-recyclage efficace ne peut avoir lieu que
|
|||
|
|
grâce dans des RNR. Nous disposons aussi des
|
|||
|
|
stocks de MOX usés (120 t/an), qui ne sont pas
|
|||
|
|
valorisés actuellement malgré leur immense
|
|||
|
|
potentiel énergétique.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="5375"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>Autres ressources valorisables.</em
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
L’uranium de retraitement appauvri (800 t/an) et
|
|||
|
|
l’uranium de retraitement réutilisé (140 t/an),
|
|||
|
|
sont également actuellement
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>très peu valorisés, alors qu’ils pourraient
|
|||
|
|
servir de combustible dans un parc de
|
|||
|
|
réacteurs rapides</strong
|
|||
|
|
>. Enfin, mais cela est encore à confirmer, il
|
|||
|
|
est possible sur le papier de convertir les
|
|||
|
|
actinides mineurs par transmutation ce qui
|
|||
|
|
diminuerait encore la quantité et la toxicité de
|
|||
|
|
ces déchets ultimes. Les déchets les plus
|
|||
|
|
complexes à gérer sont actuellement produits par
|
|||
|
|
le parc français à hauteur d’environ 40 t/an, ce
|
|||
|
|
qui est ridicule au vue de l’énergie produite
|
|||
|
|
mais reste néanmoins un enjeu de gestion
|
|||
|
|
(stratégie d’entreposage et de refroidissement).
|
|||
|
|
Cela sera détaillé plus loin.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb qj qk ql qm" role="separator">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp"></span>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="gn go gp gq gr">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="886a"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np qr nr ns nt qs nv nw nx qt nz oa ob qu od oe of qv oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
2. L’histoire des RNR, du projet Manhattan
|
|||
|
|
jusqu’à SPX2
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="7758"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
C’est important de comprendre la génèse de
|
|||
|
|
l’idée derrière le RNR. Ce concept est en
|
|||
|
|
réalité apparu dans les esprits des physiciens à
|
|||
|
|
peu près au même moment que celui des réacteurs
|
|||
|
|
à modérateurs.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="5165"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Enrico Fermi, futur prix Nobel de physique, qui
|
|||
|
|
travaillait alors sur la pile de Chicago, a été
|
|||
|
|
le premier à étudier les neutrons rapides. Il a
|
|||
|
|
remarqué que les neutrons lents causaient plus
|
|||
|
|
fréquemment des fissions que les neutrons
|
|||
|
|
rapides, découvrant alors le principe de section
|
|||
|
|
efficace. Le projet Manhattan achevé, la
|
|||
|
|
recherche sur les applications de la fission
|
|||
|
|
nucléaire allait bientôt devenir un enjeu majeur
|
|||
|
|
pour cette deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<blockquote class="qw">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="785a"
|
|||
|
|
class="qx qy gu bf qz ra rb rc rd re rf mw du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
“L’énergie nucléaire est une sacrée façon de
|
|||
|
|
faire bouillir de l’eau“, Albert Einstein
|
|||
|
|
(1879–1955).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="add3"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc rg me mf mg rh mi mj mk ri mm mn mo rj mq mr ms rk mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1935</span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Frédéric Joliot-Curie prononce ces mots en
|
|||
|
|
conclusion de sa conférence qu’il donne après la
|
|||
|
|
réception de son prix Nobel de chimie: “Nous
|
|||
|
|
sommes en droit de penser que les chercheurs,
|
|||
|
|
construisant ou brisant les atomes à volonté,
|
|||
|
|
sauront réaliser des transmutations à caractère
|
|||
|
|
explosif, véritables réactions chimiques à
|
|||
|
|
chaînes. Si de telles transformations arrivent à
|
|||
|
|
se propager dans la matière, on peut concevoir
|
|||
|
|
l’énorme libération d’énergie utilisable qui
|
|||
|
|
aura lieu”.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="e5ed"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1942</span
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La pile de Chicago est en place et le 2 décembre
|
|||
|
|
1942 à 15h25, la première réaction en chaîne
|
|||
|
|
artificielle auto-entretenue débute.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my ru">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1280/format:webp/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 1280w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 640px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1280/0*iPdFAaDGtnVDmARR.jpg 1280w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 640px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="640"
|
|||
|
|
height="285"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Dessin de la pile CP-1 à Chicago
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="ee48"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1945</span
|
|||
|
|
>Enrico Fermi propose le concept de réacteur
|
|||
|
|
surgénérateur. Un réacteur produisant plus de
|
|||
|
|
matière fissile qu’il n’en consomme.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="8c1f"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1946</span
|
|||
|
|
>Le premier réacteur nucléaire à neutrons
|
|||
|
|
rapides,
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_(r%C3%A9acteur)"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>Clementine</a
|
|||
|
|
>, diverge. Il a un caloporteur au mercure. Son
|
|||
|
|
objectif était d’étudirr les propriétés
|
|||
|
|
nucléaires de plusieurs matériaux à la suite du
|
|||
|
|
succès du projet Manhattan. Ce réacteur a servi
|
|||
|
|
à de nombreuses expériences, comme prouver la
|
|||
|
|
possibilité de faire un surgénérateur civil, ou
|
|||
|
|
encore mesurer les sections efficaces de
|
|||
|
|
plusieurs isotopes.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="f48f"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1951</span
|
|||
|
|
>Le premier réacteur nucléaire électrogène,
|
|||
|
|
EBR-I pour
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
><em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>Experimental Breeder Reactor I</em
|
|||
|
|
></a
|
|||
|
|
>, produit assez de puissance pour allumer 4
|
|||
|
|
ampoules. Son caloporteur est un eutectique
|
|||
|
|
sodium-potassium (Na-K).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure class="na nb nc nd ne nf">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="rv rw l fj">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="rx ry l"></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="6a46"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1956</span
|
|||
|
|
>Création du consortium européen EUROCHEMIC,
|
|||
|
|
première agence européenne de coopération
|
|||
|
|
technique nucléaire.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="8b67"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1958</span
|
|||
|
|
>Début du fonctionnement de l’unité de
|
|||
|
|
retraitement du plutonium UP1 à Marcoule.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="1d1f"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1962</span
|
|||
|
|
>Construction de Rapsodie, premier RNR-Na en
|
|||
|
|
France, critique en 1967. 20MWth. Fonctionnera
|
|||
|
|
jusqu’en 1983.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="02db"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1968</span
|
|||
|
|
>Construction de phénix par le CEA et EDF.
|
|||
|
|
560MWth. Il fonctionnera jusqu’en 2010.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="46e3"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1976</span
|
|||
|
|
>Construction de Superphénix dit SPX, 1200MWe.
|
|||
|
|
L’échelon industriel des RNR-Na, plus gros RNR
|
|||
|
|
jamais construit à ce jour. Pleine puissance en
|
|||
|
|
1986, après seulement 10 ans.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="7eb4"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk rl"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="l rm rn ro bo rp rq rr rs rt fj"
|
|||
|
|
>1992</span
|
|||
|
|
>Le redémarrage de Superphénix est soumis à la
|
|||
|
|
réalisation préalable d’une étude (Rapport
|
|||
|
|
Curien) sur la contribution que pourrait
|
|||
|
|
apporter Superphénix à l’incinération des
|
|||
|
|
déchets radioactifs. Cette étude confirme
|
|||
|
|
l’intérêt de SPX pour ce sujet, et le
|
|||
|
|
redémarrage est autorisé le 17 décembre 1992.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb qj qk ql qm" role="separator">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp"></span>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="gn go gp gq gr">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="a201"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np qr nr ns nt qs nv nw nx qt nz oa ob qu od oe of qv oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
3. Pourquoi le sodium ?
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="fc1a"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les RNR ont autant de design que de
|
|||
|
|
caloporteurs. Certains choisissent des métaux
|
|||
|
|
liquides purs (Na, Pb, Hg), d’autres des
|
|||
|
|
eutectiques (Pb-Bi, Na-K), ou encore le gaz
|
|||
|
|
(He). Certains choisissent aussi l’option des
|
|||
|
|
sels (chlorure ou fluorure). Le choix du sodium
|
|||
|
|
présente un certain nombre d’avantages et la
|
|||
|
|
famille de RNR ayant le plus de retour
|
|||
|
|
d’expérience dans le monde est de loin celle du
|
|||
|
|
sodium.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="d8ed"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Un certain nombre de critères doivent
|
|||
|
|
s’appliquer au caloporteur d’un RNR. Le premier,
|
|||
|
|
assez logiquement, est sa transparence aux
|
|||
|
|
neutrons, afin de modérer peu. On cherche donc
|
|||
|
|
un matériau faiblement absorbant et à faible
|
|||
|
|
pouvoir de ralentissement, ce qui exclut de fait
|
|||
|
|
la plupart des matériaux légers.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="de83"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Ensuite, on veut un caloporteur efficace, il
|
|||
|
|
doit donc avoir une forte capacité calorifique
|
|||
|
|
et une bonne conductivité thermique. Son
|
|||
|
|
écoulement en cœur doit être excellent et ne pas
|
|||
|
|
demander un effort trop important aux pompes
|
|||
|
|
primaires, il doit donc être peu visqueux.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9dee"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Ensuite, il doit être capable d’encaisser les
|
|||
|
|
transitoires en restant monophasique liquide, il
|
|||
|
|
faut éviter qu’il se solidifie et qu’il
|
|||
|
|
s’évapore.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="0b13"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le caloporteur doit être aussi pur que possible
|
|||
|
|
pour éviter les produits d’activation dans le
|
|||
|
|
circuit, ce qui compliquerait la maintenance. On
|
|||
|
|
veut également éviter qu’il soit corrosif pour
|
|||
|
|
les structures internes.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="4fb9"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Enfin, il doit être disponible à bas coût, en
|
|||
|
|
quantité industrielle, et le plus pur possible.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="3c32"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Bilan pour le sodium : ses températures de
|
|||
|
|
fusion (97,8°C) et d’ébullition (883°C)
|
|||
|
|
permettent, à 500°C, une utilisation à la
|
|||
|
|
pression atmosphérique. Il a une très bonne
|
|||
|
|
conductibilité thermique (100 fois celle de
|
|||
|
|
l’eau). Il absorbe très peu les neutrons et a
|
|||
|
|
une faible capacité à les ralentir (mais cette
|
|||
|
|
composante n’est pas nulle pour autant, nous le
|
|||
|
|
verrons dans la partie sûreté). Le sodium ne
|
|||
|
|
s’active pas non plus est est peu corrosif. Il
|
|||
|
|
est excellent d’un point de vue neutronique et
|
|||
|
|
thermohydraulique mais mauvais sur la
|
|||
|
|
physico-chimie du fait de la réaction Na-H2O
|
|||
|
|
très exothermique et de son inflammation au
|
|||
|
|
contact de l’air. Le sodium n’est pas cher et
|
|||
|
|
est adapté à l’usage industriel.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb qj qk ql qm" role="separator">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp qq"></span
|
|||
|
|
><span class="qn by bm qo qp"></span>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="gn go gp gq gr">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="5051"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np qr nr ns nt qs nv nw nx qt nz oa ob qu od oe of qv oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al"
|
|||
|
|
>4. Principes de conception généraux</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="ed07"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al">Neutronique du cœur</strong>
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="6fb6"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
On utilise communément une unité d’énergie
|
|||
|
|
appelée
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronvolt"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>électron-volt</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
pour l’énergie cinétique des neutrons.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my rz">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1204/format:webp/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 1204w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 602px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1204/0*S0LU7Ni1zxO-uopT 1204w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 602px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="602"
|
|||
|
|
height="298"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les différentes catégories de neutrons.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9ab5"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix est un réacteur à neutrons rapides
|
|||
|
|
(RNR), ce qui signifie que sa population de
|
|||
|
|
neutron sera (très majoritairement) dans le
|
|||
|
|
“spectre” rapide, de 10⁵eV à 2*10⁷eV, comme le
|
|||
|
|
montre la courbe orange ci-dessous.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sa">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1362/format:webp/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 1362w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 681px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1362/1*tq-ETHC-CEocwEuGIPxoAg.png 1362w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 681px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="681"
|
|||
|
|
height="613"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="34c9"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Conception générale du cœur
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="600f"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>Coefficient de contre réaction. Parler de la
|
|||
|
|
CFV non échelonable.</em
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="05f9"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">à finir</em>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="d44f"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Combustible
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="ffb7"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le combustible a une géométrie hexagonale
|
|||
|
|
(carrée en REP), et est disposé dans des
|
|||
|
|
“aiguilles ” (“crayons” en REP). La géométrie en
|
|||
|
|
aiguille est choisie pour sa compacité, un
|
|||
|
|
combustible RNR-Na doit avoir au moins 15% de
|
|||
|
|
plutonium.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sb">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*zzDBhF05hhIlctxBIhlTdA.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="774"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
AC pour SPX
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="9284"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
L’échangeur intermédiaire
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="1125"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Dans un RNR-Na, il y a un échangeur
|
|||
|
|
supplémentaire, intercalé entre le circuit
|
|||
|
|
primaire et le circuit turbine. Pourquoi ?
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol class="">
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="9018"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw sc sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
On veut éviter le contact entre l’eau du
|
|||
|
|
circuit turbine et le sodium primaire
|
|||
|
|
(réaction très exothermique, boom)…
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="4d99"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw sc sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
En cas de réaction sodium-eau, on évite
|
|||
|
|
d’avoir un sodium activé (radioactif).
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="0c26"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Deux concepts d’organisation de ce circuit
|
|||
|
|
intermédiaire sont proposés. La différence
|
|||
|
|
repose sur la localisation de l’échangeur
|
|||
|
|
intermédiaire, dans la cuve (<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>concept intégré</em
|
|||
|
|
>) ou en dehors (<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>concept à boucles</em
|
|||
|
|
>, comme sur REP). Le caloporteur utilisé dans
|
|||
|
|
cet échangeur est également du sodium, après
|
|||
|
|
avoir écarté l’option de l’eutectique Pb-Bi. Des
|
|||
|
|
concepts récents (<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.hexana.fr/"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>Hexana</a
|
|||
|
|
>) proposent d’utiliser un sel fondu.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sk">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*KgH_Hie7I7AaJ4YaTND7ww.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="356"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Concepts d’organisation des circuits
|
|||
|
|
intermédiaires d’un RNR-Na
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="3877"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Systèmes de conversion
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="d405"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les générateurs de vapeur (GV) sont hélicoïdaux
|
|||
|
|
sur SPX, contrairement à ceux des REP, et encore
|
|||
|
|
différents des GV en épingle de Phénix.
|
|||
|
|
L’avantage de cette géométrie est qu’elle
|
|||
|
|
présente une grande longueur (80m). Les GV de
|
|||
|
|
SPX sont conçus en un seul morceau, comme sur
|
|||
|
|
REP, moins chers mais plus durs à changer. Les
|
|||
|
|
tubes sont en Alliage 800. Les caractéristiques
|
|||
|
|
sont détaillées ci-dessous. Le GV avait beau
|
|||
|
|
être le premier du genre, aucun incident majeur
|
|||
|
|
n’a été déclaré pendant ses 748 jours
|
|||
|
|
d’opérations.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sl">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:866/format:webp/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 866w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 433px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:866/1*M9oepkszL4A6XofSWn2ypg.png 866w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 433px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="433"
|
|||
|
|
height="764"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="0f75"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La cuve
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="b7c6"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
C’est assez particulier sur SPX, il y a deux
|
|||
|
|
cuve. Une cuve dans une autre. La cuve la plus
|
|||
|
|
intérieure contient l’ensemble du circuit
|
|||
|
|
primaire, et la cuve de sécurité qui l’entoure
|
|||
|
|
permet de contrôler les fuites sodium et de
|
|||
|
|
valoriser la convection naturelle de ce dernier,
|
|||
|
|
et donc en évacuant la chaleur résiduelle, ce
|
|||
|
|
qui permet d’éviter l’évaporation du sodium. Sur
|
|||
|
|
Phénix, la faible puissance relative à la
|
|||
|
|
surface de cuve permettait de refroidir
|
|||
|
|
uniquement par rayonnement de la face externe de
|
|||
|
|
la cuve.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="e88a"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le choix fait sur SPX est de prendre la cuve
|
|||
|
|
principale, la dalle supérieure prend la masse.
|
|||
|
|
Un schéma pour bien comprendre.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sm">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*wVbPw1txjld-NYr_ZTiu0g.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="469"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Sur ce schéma, en gris clair la cuve
|
|||
|
|
principale, en forme d’entonnoir. La cuve de
|
|||
|
|
sécurité englobe les pompes primaires.
|
|||
|
|
(source:
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.isere.fr/sites/default/files/presentation-edf-cli-publique-de-creys-malville-08112022-vedef.pdf"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>EDF</a
|
|||
|
|
>)
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sn">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*5M_C2LxfKK_OKLYf 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="525"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La cuve de SPX, de 21m de diamètre.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="4f73"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les pompes primaires
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="dd73"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Elles sont toutes mécaniques, et non pas
|
|||
|
|
électromagnétiques (réacteurs du futur). Ces
|
|||
|
|
pompes sont au nombre de quatre, d’une hauteur
|
|||
|
|
de 15 m, d’un diamètre maximum 2,5 m pour une
|
|||
|
|
masse totale sans moteur et avec protection
|
|||
|
|
biologique de 120 tonnes. Leur débit atteint
|
|||
|
|
presque 4.8m3/s.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="0158"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Chose à noter, la pompe étant suspendue par en
|
|||
|
|
haut, les dilatations thermiques à l’entrée sont
|
|||
|
|
importantes. Ainsi la pompe est supportée à sa
|
|||
|
|
partie supérieure par un anneau flexible
|
|||
|
|
permettant la libre inclinaison de la pompe sous
|
|||
|
|
l’action des déplacements différentiels.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my so">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1340/format:webp/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 1340w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 670px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1340/1*gtAnO2MEWOVJBA7v-ejPdw.png 1340w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 670px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="670"
|
|||
|
|
height="576"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.shf-lhb.org/articles/lhb/pdf/1977/05/lhb1977054.pdf"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>source</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="6d72"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le bouchon couvercle cœur (BCC)
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="427a"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
On parle ici de la pièce amovible positionnée en
|
|||
|
|
haut du cœur et reposant sur la dalle de
|
|||
|
|
maintien.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sp">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*n44ijdbcw7oWbQFIaoUAZw.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="492"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="f1f1"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
C’est une pièce multifonction. Il sert à fermer
|
|||
|
|
le circuit primaire par le haut, assurant
|
|||
|
|
l’étanchéité. Comme sur un REP, le BCC supporte
|
|||
|
|
et positionne les mécanismes de commande des
|
|||
|
|
barres et l’instrumentation de surveillance du
|
|||
|
|
cœur. Il a aussi un rôle de protection
|
|||
|
|
biologique et thermique. Par rapport à un REP,
|
|||
|
|
le BCC a aussi une fonction hydraulique, il
|
|||
|
|
dévie les jets de sodium à la sortie du cœur.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="0a60"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
5. Sûreté
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sq">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*9qxdp9_gb7MMz-yO 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="394"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="9956"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al"
|
|||
|
|
>Maitrise de la réactivité</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="cadc"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Déjà, le réacteur dispose de grappes d’arrêt
|
|||
|
|
pour stopper la réaction en chaîne, elles sont
|
|||
|
|
placées en haut (cf. schéma ci-dessous). L’<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoisonnement_au_x%C3%A9non"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>effet Xénon</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
n’est pas présent, simplifiant le contrôle de la
|
|||
|
|
réactivité du cœur. Le centre du cœur, là où il
|
|||
|
|
est le plus chaud, induit des variations de
|
|||
|
|
densité du sodium, contribuant à des insertions
|
|||
|
|
ponctuelles de réactivité. L’objectif est de se
|
|||
|
|
prémunir en concevant un cœur CFV (faible
|
|||
|
|
vidange) comme le projet ASTRID. L’effet est
|
|||
|
|
d’autant plus fort que le cœur est grand.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="8877"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al"
|
|||
|
|
>Evacuation de la puissance</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="b06d"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le sodium a une plus grande marge à l’ébullition
|
|||
|
|
que l’eau par rapport au fonctionnement normal.
|
|||
|
|
L’
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertie_thermique"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>inertie thermique</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
du sodium ( résistance au changement température
|
|||
|
|
lors d’un transitoire). Des systèmes diversifiés
|
|||
|
|
sont mis en place pour évacuer la puissance
|
|||
|
|
résiduelle, dont des échangeurs sodium-air. Sur
|
|||
|
|
SPX, le DRACS est le BPR sont passifs à 4
|
|||
|
|
boucles. Le RVACS est actif à deux boucles. Il
|
|||
|
|
n’y a pas de SGOSHDR sur SPX.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sr">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*J6xpVMVQnIY33Jb1wIBeLQ.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="473"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="1f26"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al"
|
|||
|
|
>Maitrise du confinement</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="3937"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>Première barrière (gaine combustible)</em
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
: la conductivité thermique élevée du sodium
|
|||
|
|
(x70 par rapport à l’eau) assure un coefficient
|
|||
|
|
d’échange important entre les gaines et le
|
|||
|
|
sodium. Concernant les ruptures de gaine, elles
|
|||
|
|
sont de deux types,
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">ouverte </em>ou
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">gazeuse</em>. Les RNR français
|
|||
|
|
sont équipés du système DND (Détection de
|
|||
|
|
Neutrons Différés) pour détecter les ruptures
|
|||
|
|
ouvertes de gaine. L’assemblage défectueux est
|
|||
|
|
ensuite identifié et retiré du cœur (on
|
|||
|
|
s’interdit de fonctionner en gaines percées).
|
|||
|
|
Dans le cas des ruptures par rejet de gaz de
|
|||
|
|
fission, des rejets peuvent alors avoir lieu par
|
|||
|
|
les soupapes de protection du circuit d’argon du
|
|||
|
|
ciel de pile
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="312d"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">La deuxième barrière</em> est
|
|||
|
|
assez complexe à définir sur RNR-Na, on va donc
|
|||
|
|
regarder seulement le concept intégré ici (type
|
|||
|
|
SPX).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="">
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="9a88"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
cuve principale du réacteur (21m de diamètre),
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="7562"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
cuve de sécurité, cette dernière étant prévue
|
|||
|
|
pour collecter le sodium primaire en cas de la
|
|||
|
|
fuite de la cuve principale (22.5m de
|
|||
|
|
diamètre),
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="2963"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
fermeture supérieure du réacteur,
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="bab8"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
circuits auxiliaires véhiculant du sodium
|
|||
|
|
primaire ou du gaz de couverture (argon) hors
|
|||
|
|
du circuit primaire,
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="008b"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
tubes des échangeurs intermédiaires (EI)
|
|||
|
|
séparant le sodium primaire du sodium
|
|||
|
|
intermédiaire,
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="b3bc"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
tubes des échangeurs des circuits d’évacuation
|
|||
|
|
de la puissance résiduelle immergés dans le
|
|||
|
|
circuit primaire.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="ad44"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
En résumé, tout ce qui constitue la cuve et sa
|
|||
|
|
partie supérieure, plus les traversées. Cette
|
|||
|
|
barrière
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>n’est pas étanche. </strong
|
|||
|
|
>Il existe des fuites d’argon au niveau de la
|
|||
|
|
fermeture supérieure par l’ouverture des
|
|||
|
|
soupapes pour réguler la pression du “ciel de
|
|||
|
|
pile”. Ces fuites sont contrôlées et mesurées
|
|||
|
|
régulièrement.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="95cf"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>La troisième barrière (bâtiment en béton très
|
|||
|
|
résistant</em
|
|||
|
|
>) la très faible pression primaire simplifie
|
|||
|
|
grandement les problématiques de fuite et de
|
|||
|
|
tenue de l’enceinte de confinement. En revanche,
|
|||
|
|
la réaction sodium-eau est à surveiller, ne
|
|||
|
|
serait-ce qu’avec l’humidité ambiante. Certains
|
|||
|
|
designs proposent de changer l’eau par du
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxyde_de_carbone_supercritique"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>CO2 supercritique</a
|
|||
|
|
>.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my op">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*unhnYoEL7Gc-iUsW.jpg 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="467"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Troisième barrière qui est la plus grande
|
|||
|
|
jamais construite.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="e8e2"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La sûreté de manutention du combustible neuf et
|
|||
|
|
usé
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9219"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">A finir</em>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="512d"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="al"
|
|||
|
|
>La gestion des accidents graves</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="6b63"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Concernant les accidents graves, les normes à
|
|||
|
|
l’époque de Phénix n’imposaient pas de système
|
|||
|
|
de mitigation. SPX avait quand à lui un
|
|||
|
|
récupérateur à débris de corium dans sa cuve. On
|
|||
|
|
l’appelait le cendrier, il était originellement
|
|||
|
|
conçu pour résister à la fusion complète de 7
|
|||
|
|
assemblages, la fusion totale étant jugée trop
|
|||
|
|
improbable en raison des caractéristiques de
|
|||
|
|
sûreté du cœur.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="b17b"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
6. Cycle combustible
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<blockquote class="qg qh qi">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="b3dd"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma ou mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Cette partie est la plus important pour
|
|||
|
|
comprendre l’intérêt des RNR-Na dans une
|
|||
|
|
optique de gestion durables des matières
|
|||
|
|
radioactives françaises. La France est assise
|
|||
|
|
sur une mine d’or qui ne demande qu’à être
|
|||
|
|
exploité, à la différence notable que, cette
|
|||
|
|
fois, l’or est déjà miné et ne demande qu’à
|
|||
|
|
être valorisé.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="28b0"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Complémentarité REP-RNR
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="18ea"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Il est important de comprendre que les RNR se
|
|||
|
|
positionnent comme l’étape suivant celle du
|
|||
|
|
déploiement de REP. Le plutonium généré par les
|
|||
|
|
irradiations en REP permet de démarrer des RNR.
|
|||
|
|
Le MOx neuf (voire usé) est exploitable en coeur
|
|||
|
|
rapide. C’est un point clé car cela permet de se
|
|||
|
|
baser sur un cycle existant, ce qui donne au
|
|||
|
|
RNR-Na un avantage considérable sur d’autres
|
|||
|
|
technologies de 4e génération tels que les
|
|||
|
|
réacteurs à haute température (<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://laradioactivite.com/articles/energie_nucleaire/reacteursahautestemperatures"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>HTR</a
|
|||
|
|
>) à combustible
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.discoverthegreentech.com/nucleaire/combustibles/triso/"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>TRISO </a
|
|||
|
|
>ou les réacteurs à
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://medium.com/p/69f2170689ca/edit"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener"
|
|||
|
|
>sels fondus</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
(sel chlorure ou fluorure)
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my st">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*leO_xZlNWAHRpNrBBqGMOg.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="433"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Source [1] p.158
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="0ba7"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
En l’état actuel du cycle français, le parc
|
|||
|
|
produit environ 10 tonnes de Pu par an. Les REP
|
|||
|
|
viennent donc se placer comme l’étape
|
|||
|
|
préliminaire (et indispensable) à
|
|||
|
|
l’établissement d’une filière rapide qui a
|
|||
|
|
besoin de plutonium pour démarrer ses premiers
|
|||
|
|
cœurs. L’objectif à très long terme (plusieurs
|
|||
|
|
décennies) est la surgénération, qui permet
|
|||
|
|
ensuite à la filière de s’autoalimenter. Ainsi
|
|||
|
|
il est nécessaire de maintenir la filière REP
|
|||
|
|
pour accompagner les premiers RNR.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="2504"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Retraitement du combustible
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="5ad9"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">A finir</em>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="a6dd"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Transmutation des actinides mineurs
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="161c"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Déjà, de quels isotopes parle-t-on ? Dans
|
|||
|
|
l’ordre d’importance, l’Américium (Am 241, Am
|
|||
|
|
243), le Curium (Cm 244, Cm 245) et le Neptunium
|
|||
|
|
(Np 237).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my su">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*qSWNiGqR2cyDUL43ghWotA.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="353"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Combustible usé de REP-UOx
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9b25"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
L’objectif est double, obtenir des colis moins
|
|||
|
|
toxiques…et beaucoup moins chauds ! Je ne vous
|
|||
|
|
dirai pas que les déchets ne seront plus un
|
|||
|
|
problème, mais la transmutation des AM ouvre la
|
|||
|
|
voie à des modes de gestion beaucoup plus
|
|||
|
|
simples. De plus, cela permettrait d’utiliser
|
|||
|
|
CIGEO encore mieux, du fait de la possibilité
|
|||
|
|
d’augmentation de concentration de matière dans
|
|||
|
|
les alvéoles, la chaleur résiduelle étant moins
|
|||
|
|
élevée ! Ci-dessous, les contributions des AM à
|
|||
|
|
la radiotoxicité des colis et à leur chaleur.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sv">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*t8oKQWCaNjids5IOfh9IpQ.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="434"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Convertir les actinides mineurs en énergie
|
|||
|
|
permettrait de diminuer leur radiotoxicité.
|
|||
|
|
(cf. [1] p.171)
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sw">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*1XmAatwfBsPURmZV7K2Wnw.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="446"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Mais cela ferait aussi des colis moins chauds
|
|||
|
|
à gérer. (cf. [1] p.171)
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="cd0d"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les processus chimiques impliqués dans le
|
|||
|
|
retraitement et l’extraction des actinides
|
|||
|
|
mineurs dépassent mes compétences, mais les
|
|||
|
|
personnes intéressées peuvent toujours aller
|
|||
|
|
lire la monographie CEA sur la séparation des
|
|||
|
|
actinides des combustibles usés (disponible
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/Documents/publications/monographie-nucleaire/CEA_Monographie6_Traitement-recyclage-combustible-nucleaire-use_2008_Fr.pdf"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>ici</a
|
|||
|
|
>). C’est un sujet passionnant qui mériterait un
|
|||
|
|
article entier, mais n’étant pas chimiste je ne
|
|||
|
|
m’y risquerai pas.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="565c"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
En supposant une extraction efficace dans le
|
|||
|
|
combustible de ces AM, on peut maintenant
|
|||
|
|
regarder les potentiels usages en RNR. Déjà, la
|
|||
|
|
neutronique du RNR est plus favorable à la
|
|||
|
|
transmutation des AM:
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sx">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1128/format:webp/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 1128w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 564px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1128/1*K2wBrjRhDJvf0mzf2eO-nQ.png 1128w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 564px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="564"
|
|||
|
|
height="296"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
A comprendre ainsi: “Le Neptunium 237 a 30
|
|||
|
|
fois plus de chance d’être capturé que de
|
|||
|
|
fissionner en REP-MOx. Cela passe à 5.3 en
|
|||
|
|
RNR-MOx”.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="b2cd"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
6. Les matériaux
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="c9e3"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
6.1 Les matériaux du combustible
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="4c92"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les matériaux structurels sont en acier
|
|||
|
|
inoxydable austénitique. Le combustible est une
|
|||
|
|
poudre MOx compactée en pastille. Acier AIM1 sur
|
|||
|
|
SPX, AIM2 sur ASTRID.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="689d"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le tube hexagonal est en acier EM10
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
id="002c"
|
|||
|
|
class="pp nn gu bf no pq pr dy ns ps pt ea nw mk pu pv pw mo px py pz ms qa qb qc qd bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
6.2 Les matériaux structurels
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="">
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="a334"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le barillet, à l’origine en acier 15 D3, a été
|
|||
|
|
changé suite à une fissure rapide.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="a328"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les tubes GV de SPX sont en alliage à forte
|
|||
|
|
teneur en nickel, du type Alliage 800.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="6603"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La cuve est en acier austénitique (316LN pour
|
|||
|
|
basse teneur carbone (L) et azote contrôlé
|
|||
|
|
(N)).
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="b095"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La robinetterie est en acier inoxydable
|
|||
|
|
austénitique.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my sy">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*GtDjsXMhTA9WZmkaIuw68A.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="474"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="6ccf"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
7. Exploitation et bilan de SPX
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="49ef"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou"
|
|||
|
|
>C’est la partie où je m’énerve. Vous allez
|
|||
|
|
l’être aussi en lisant jusqu’au bout.</em
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="ee19"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Un prototype arrêté trop tôt</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<blockquote class="qw">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="1a4a"
|
|||
|
|
class="qx qy gu bf qz ra rb rc rd re rf mw du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="sz"
|
|||
|
|
>“ Le simple bon sens dicte la marche à
|
|||
|
|
suivre : puisque l’investissement est fait,
|
|||
|
|
puisque le combustible est disponible, et
|
|||
|
|
puisque les dépenses d’exploitation peuvent
|
|||
|
|
être équilibrées par les fournitures
|
|||
|
|
d’électricité, dépensons le plus tard
|
|||
|
|
possible les sommes inéluctables que
|
|||
|
|
nécessiteront la mise à l’arrêt définitif et
|
|||
|
|
le démantèlement de la centrale. “ </em
|
|||
|
|
>Georges Vendryes
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="1db6"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc rg me mf mg rh mi mj mk ri mm mn mo rj mq mr ms rk mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Comprendre ses performances
|
|||
|
|
industrielles</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="7db5"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Sur les 10 années d’opération du réacteur :
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="">
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="b6ee"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
54 mois de procédures administratives pendant
|
|||
|
|
lesquelles le réacteur est en état de
|
|||
|
|
fonctionner, mais n’est pas autorisé
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="e1e7"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
53 mois de réel fonctionnement
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="5a84"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Deux évènements non nucléaires n’ont pas aidé le
|
|||
|
|
réacteur:
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="">
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="8e06"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
En 1990, le toit de la salle des machines
|
|||
|
|
s’effondre à cause d’une chute de neige
|
|||
|
|
exceptionnelle.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="7143"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La turbine de 1200MWe n’était pas encore
|
|||
|
|
prête, il a fallu en faire deux de 600MWe.
|
|||
|
|
Cela a conduit à des difficultés de
|
|||
|
|
fonctionnement importantes dans les premières
|
|||
|
|
années et à des baisses notables du
|
|||
|
|
coefficient de disponibilité.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="3a39"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv">Les fuites sodium</strong>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="04c6"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix aura connu
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>3 très petites fuites </strong
|
|||
|
|
>de sodium (à comparer à Phénix qui en a eu 32,
|
|||
|
|
et oui le retour d’expérience, ça compte).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="a41b"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">Première fuite:</em> mai 1987,
|
|||
|
|
une fuite sodium est constatée sur le barillet.
|
|||
|
|
Cette fuite est causée par la corrosion d’un
|
|||
|
|
acier proposé par le partenaire allemand… Or cet
|
|||
|
|
acier n’était ni utilisé, ni validé sur Phénix.
|
|||
|
|
Cet équipement sera remplacé et cela nécessita
|
|||
|
|
une intervention de 18 mois.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="4302"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">Deuxième fuite :</em> en 1990, de
|
|||
|
|
l’air s’infiltre dans la partie supérieure, dans
|
|||
|
|
le ciel d’argon. Cette fuite est causée par un
|
|||
|
|
compresseur de mauvaise fabrication. Cette fuite
|
|||
|
|
a servi de raison aux politiques pour paralyser
|
|||
|
|
le réacteur qui ne pourra pas fonctionner
|
|||
|
|
pendant 4 ans.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="8ee5"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">Troisième fuite : </em>en 1995,
|
|||
|
|
une fuite d’argon sur le tube d’alimentation
|
|||
|
|
d’une cloche d’échangeur, est localisée et
|
|||
|
|
réparée sur place directement.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="3065"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">Bilan : </em>trois fuites sans
|
|||
|
|
aucun rejet à l’environnement, sans conséquence
|
|||
|
|
radiologique grave.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9bf6"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Rejets dans l’environnement</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="9886"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">à finir</em>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="e541"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Conséquences sociales de l’arrêt de
|
|||
|
|
SPX</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="fad5"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
L’arrêt fut si brutal que beaucoup de personnes
|
|||
|
|
se sont retrouvées au chômage du jour au
|
|||
|
|
lendemain.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="d5a0"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Je vous conseille cet excellent article:
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ta tb tc td te tf">
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2015/09/09/221198-larret-de-superphenix-fut-un-desastre-humain?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="tg ab is">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="th ab co cb ti tj">
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
class="bf gv ij z rw tk tl tm tn to tp gt bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
L'arrêt de Superphénix fut un
|
|||
|
|
désastre humain
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tq l">
|
|||
|
|
<h3
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b ij z rw tk tl tm tn to tp du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La fermeture de la centrale de
|
|||
|
|
Creys-Malville en 1998
|
|||
|
|
s'apparente à un suicide
|
|||
|
|
économique et technologique.
|
|||
|
|
</h3>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tr l">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b dv z rw tk tl tm tn to tp du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
www.contrepoints.org
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ts l">
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="tt l tu tv tw ts tx ng tf"
|
|||
|
|
></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></div
|
|||
|
|
></a>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="f2ed"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Justification de l’arrêt de SPX, et aucun
|
|||
|
|
argument ne tient</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="33cd"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<em class="ou">à finir</em>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ta tb tc td te tf">
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.senat.fr/rap/l97-4392/l97-439230.html?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="tg ab is">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="th ab co cb ti tj">
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
class="bf gv ij z rw tk tl tm tn to tp gt bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
La politique énergétique de la France :
|
|||
|
|
passion ou raison ? (tome 2) - Sénat
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tq l">
|
|||
|
|
<h3
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b ij z rw tk tl tm tn to tp du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le Sénat a pour missions premières le
|
|||
|
|
vote de la loi, le contrôle du
|
|||
|
|
Gouvernement et l'évaluation des
|
|||
|
|
politiques…
|
|||
|
|
</h3>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tr l">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b dv z rw tk tl tm tn to tp du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
www.senat.fr
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ts l">
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="ty l tu tv tw ts tx ng tf"
|
|||
|
|
></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></div
|
|||
|
|
></a>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="566a"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
8. La suite de SPX
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="76fc"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le projet ASTRID, porté par le CEA, visant à
|
|||
|
|
développer un RNR-Na de puissance intermédiaire,
|
|||
|
|
a été abandonné (en réalité repoussé après 2050,
|
|||
|
|
ce qui revient à tuer la compétence et donc
|
|||
|
|
abandonner le projet).
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="e88c"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le CEA a récemment essaimé deux structures
|
|||
|
|
privées afin de relancer les concepts de RNR-Na.
|
|||
|
|
L’espoir est désormais à placer dans deux
|
|||
|
|
structures,
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.hexana.fr/"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>Hexana </a
|
|||
|
|
>et
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://otrera.fr/"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>Otrera</a
|
|||
|
|
>.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="fed4"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Les deux concepts reprennent certaines briques
|
|||
|
|
technologiques du projet ASTRID. La différence
|
|||
|
|
notable est sur l’échangeur intermédiaire:
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="">
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="ab6c"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Hexana a fait le choix d’un stockage de sels
|
|||
|
|
fondus pour servir de batterie thermique, en
|
|||
|
|
utilisant un sel non réactif avec le sodium
|
|||
|
|
dans l’échangeur
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li
|
|||
|
|
id="b0df"
|
|||
|
|
class="lz ma gu mb b mc sf me mf mg sg mi mj mk sh mm mn mo si mq mr ms sj mu mv mw ss sd se bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Otrera a fait le choix de l’échangeur
|
|||
|
|
sodium-diazote du projet ASTRID.
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="660d"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Ces deux start-up proposent la technologie la
|
|||
|
|
plus mature de tout le spectre du nucléaire
|
|||
|
|
innovant, en France comme à l’international. On
|
|||
|
|
parle de 400 années réacteurs en fonctionnement.
|
|||
|
|
Soit plus que les RNR-Pb (plomb), RNR-gaz et RSF
|
|||
|
|
(sels fondus) réunis. Nous en avons eu trois en
|
|||
|
|
France, à différentes puissances permettant de
|
|||
|
|
valider le concept.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="a290"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Souhaitons que cette fois-ci la France comprenne
|
|||
|
|
qu’elle a rendez-vous avec son avenir.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="7476"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
9. Conclusion
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="6c76"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
J’espère vous avoir donné des éléments utiles
|
|||
|
|
pour comprendre les RNR-Na et le génie derrière
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix. Vous saurez quoi répondre quand on
|
|||
|
|
vous parlera des soi-disant “dangers” de SPX.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="514b"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<strong class="mb gv"
|
|||
|
|
>Cet article est dédié aux 3000 techniciens et
|
|||
|
|
ingénieurs, hommes et femmes, privés de leur
|
|||
|
|
formidable machine, avec les conséquences
|
|||
|
|
sociales associées à cette brutale fermeture.
|
|||
|
|
Superphénix a été tué par l’ignorance des
|
|||
|
|
politiques. La France avait une avance
|
|||
|
|
considérable qu’elle a aujourd’hui perdu.
|
|||
|
|
Soyons collectivement à la hauteur de
|
|||
|
|
l’héritage de nos anciens, à qui je n’ai
|
|||
|
|
qu’une chose à dire: merci.</strong
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my tz">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1224/format:webp/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 1224w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 612px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1224/0*036SOrMqmhIsBeQq.jpg 1224w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 612px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="612"
|
|||
|
|
height="306"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Plaque commémorative devant SPX.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my ua">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*I7hnkz4wWTeA1Y0PhktU5A.png 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="571"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<figcaption
|
|||
|
|
class="ni ff nj mx my nk nl bf b bg z du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Photo tirée de “Superphenix Technical and
|
|||
|
|
Scientific Achievements” par Joël Guidez.
|
|||
|
|
</figcaption>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="f5f0"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Le phénix renait toujours de ses cendres. Merci
|
|||
|
|
de m’avoir lu 🧡.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure
|
|||
|
|
class="na nb nc nd ne nf mx my paragraph-image"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
role="button"
|
|||
|
|
tabindex="0"
|
|||
|
|
class="oq or fj os bh ot"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="mx my ub">
|
|||
|
|
<picture
|
|||
|
|
><source
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"
|
|||
|
|
type="image/webp" />
|
|||
|
|
<source
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="og"
|
|||
|
|
srcset="
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 640w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 720w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 750w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 786w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 828w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 1100w,
|
|||
|
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*J-LujTym-6O_8Qdq 1400w
|
|||
|
|
"
|
|||
|
|
sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" />
|
|||
|
|
<img
|
|||
|
|
alt=""
|
|||
|
|
class="bh ng nh c"
|
|||
|
|
width="700"
|
|||
|
|
height="700"
|
|||
|
|
loading="lazy"
|
|||
|
|
role="presentation"
|
|||
|
|
/></picture>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
<h1
|
|||
|
|
id="25ca"
|
|||
|
|
class="nm nn gu bf no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Sources
|
|||
|
|
</h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="29f2"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc ok me mf mg ol mi mj mk om mm mn mo on mq mr ms oo mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
[1] Source principale, monographie CEA RNR-Na.
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ta tb tc td te tf">
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
href="https://www.cea.fr/multimedia/Pages/editions/ouvrages/monographies-nucleaire/reacteurs-nucleaires-caloporteur-sodium.aspx?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="tg ab is">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="th ab co cb ti tj">
|
|||
|
|
<h2
|
|||
|
|
class="bf gv ij z rw tk tl tm tn to tp gt bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
les réacteurs nucléaires à caloporteur
|
|||
|
|
sodium
|
|||
|
|
</h2>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tq l">
|
|||
|
|
<h3
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b ij z rw tk tl tm tn to tp du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Cette monographie décrit
|
|||
|
|
l'historique et le retour
|
|||
|
|
d'expérience technique accumulé
|
|||
|
|
sur ces réacteurs, dont les trois…
|
|||
|
|
</h3>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tr l">
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
class="bf b dv z rw tk tl tm tn to tp du"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
www.cea.fr
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ts l">
|
|||
|
|
<div
|
|||
|
|
class="uc l tu tv tw ts tx ng tf"
|
|||
|
|
></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></div
|
|||
|
|
></a>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="2b7e"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Source [2]
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="cb43"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="af qf"
|
|||
|
|
href="https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/52/111/52111240.pdf"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener ugc nofollow"
|
|||
|
|
target="_blank"
|
|||
|
|
>https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/52/111/52111240.pdf</a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p
|
|||
|
|
id="7808"
|
|||
|
|
class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
Source [3]
|
|||
|
|
</p>
|
|||
|
|
<figure class="na nb nc nd ne nf">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="rv rw l fj">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ud ry l"></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</figure>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</article>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ab cb">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="ue uf ab iv">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tq ab">
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="ug ay am ao"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/tag/superphenix?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="uh fj cx ui ge uj uk bf b bg z bk ul">
|
|||
|
|
Superphenix
|
|||
|
|
</div></a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tq ab">
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="ug ay am ao"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/tag/nuclear?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="uh fj cx ui ge uj uk bf b bg z bk ul">
|
|||
|
|
Nuclear
|
|||
|
|
</div></a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="tq ab">
|
|||
|
|
<a
|
|||
|
|
class="ug ay am ao"
|
|||
|
|
rel="noopener follow"
|
|||
|
|
href="/tag/sodium?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="uh fj cx ui ge uj uk bf b bg z bk ul">
|
|||
|
|
Sodium
|
|||
|
|
</div></a
|
|||
|
|
>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="l"></div>
|
|||
|
|
<footer class="um un uo up uq ur us ut uu ab q uv uw c">
|
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<div class="l ae">
|
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<div class="ab cb">
|
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|
|
<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
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<div class="ab cp ux">
|
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|
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<div class="ab q ke">
|
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|
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<div class="uy l">
|
|||
|
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<span class="l uz va vb e d"
|
|||
|
|
><div class="ab q ke kf">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj kg kh ki kj">
|
|||
|
|
<span
|
|||
|
|
><a
|
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|
|
class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
|||
|
|
data-testid="footerClapButton"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fp%2Ff23c9a43cc08&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%25C3%25A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&user=Dragonfeu&userId=7398e98dfa8&source=---footer_actions--f23c9a43cc08---------------------clap_footer-----------"
|
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|
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><div>
|
|||
|
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<div class="bm" aria-hidden="false">
|
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|
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<div
|
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|
|
class="kk ao kl km kn ko am kp kq kr kj"
|
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|
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>
|
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|
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<svg
|
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
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width="24"
|
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height="24"
|
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viewBox="0 0 24 24"
|
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|
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aria-label="clap"
|
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|
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>
|
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|
|
<path
|
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|
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fill-rule="evenodd"
|
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|
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d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z"
|
|||
|
|
clip-rule="evenodd"
|
|||
|
|
></path>
|
|||
|
|
</svg>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div></div></a
|
|||
|
|
></span>
|
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|
|
</div>
|
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|
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<div
|
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|
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class="pw-multi-vote-count l ks kt ku kv kw kx ky"
|
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|
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>
|
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|
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<p class="bf b dv z du">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="kz">--</span>
|
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|
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</p>
|
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|
|
</div>
|
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|
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</div></span
|
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|
|
><span class="l h g f vc vd"
|
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|
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><div class="ab q ke kf">
|
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|
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<div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj kg kh ki kj">
|
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|
|
<span
|
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|
|
><a
|
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|
|
class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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|
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data-testid="footerClapButton"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fp%2Ff23c9a43cc08&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%25C3%25A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&user=Dragonfeu&userId=7398e98dfa8&source=---footer_actions--f23c9a43cc08---------------------clap_footer-----------"
|
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|
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><div>
|
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|
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<div class="bm" aria-hidden="false">
|
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<div
|
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class="kk ao kl km kn ko am kp kq kr kj"
|
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>
|
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<svg
|
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="24"
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height="24"
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viewBox="0 0 24 24"
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aria-label="clap"
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d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z"
|
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|
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clip-rule="evenodd"
|
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|
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></path>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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class="pw-multi-vote-count l ks kt ku kv kw kx ky"
|
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|
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<p class="bf b dv z du">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="bq ab">
|
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<div>
|
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<div class="bm" aria-hidden="false">
|
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<button
|
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class="ao kk la lb ab q fk lc ld"
|
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aria-label="responses"
|
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>
|
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<svg
|
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="24"
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class="le"
|
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<path
|
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d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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><a
|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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|
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|
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rel="noopener follow"
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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width="25"
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height="25"
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aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"
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fill="currentColor"
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d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"
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><a
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d="M19.5 12.5h-7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v11a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h13a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-5"
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<a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab q"
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---post_author_info--f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
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><h2 class="pw-author-name bf wb wc wd we bk">
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<span class="gn ix"
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>Written by
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>
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|
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<span class="pw-follower-count bf b bg z bk"
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><a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar il"
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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href="/@dragonfeu/followers?source=post_page---post_author_info--f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
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>3 Followers</a
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</div>
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<div class="wf l">
|
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<p class="bf b bg z bk">
|
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|
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<span class="gn"
|
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|
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>Cf @Draagonfire2 sur twitter pour les infos.</span
|
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>
|
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<div class="ab">
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<span
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><button
|
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class="bf b bg z ep uh eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa au fb fc fd bm fe ff"
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>
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Follow
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>
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<div>
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<div>
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<div class="bm" aria-hidden="false">
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<div class="l">
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<span
|
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><a
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
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rel="noopener follow"
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href="/m/signin?actionUrl=%2F_%2Fapi%2Fusers%2F7398e98dfa8%2Flazily-enable-writer-subscription&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Flaventure-de-superph%C3%A9nix-f23c9a43cc08&user=Dragonfeu&userId=7398e98dfa8&source=---post_author_info--f23c9a43cc08---------------------subscribe_user-----------"
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><button
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class="bf b bg z vs am vt vu vv vw vx vy vz wa ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff"
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aria-label="Subscribe"
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>
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
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width="38"
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>
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<rect
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width="0.5"
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height="6.5"
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x="26.25"
|
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></rect>
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width="0.5"
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x="29.75"
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|
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d="M19.5 12.5h-7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v11a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h13a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-5"
|
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="wg bh wh wi wj wk wl wm"></div>
|
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|
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|
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<div class="h k j">
|
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<div class="wg bh wh wn"></div>
|
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<div class="ab cb">
|
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<div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc">
|
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<div class="wo ab ke iv">
|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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<a
|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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href="https://help.medium.com/hc/en-us?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Help</p></a
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<div class="wp wq l">
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<a
|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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href="https://medium.statuspage.io/?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
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<div class="wp wq l">
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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href="/about?autoplay=1&source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">About</p></a
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>
|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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href="/jobs-at-medium/work-at-medium-959d1a85284e?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Careers</p></a
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|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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href="pressinquiries@medium.com?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Press</p></a
|
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|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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|
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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|
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href="https://blog.medium.com/?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Blog</p></a
|
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>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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|
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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|
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href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-privacy-policy-f03bf92035c9?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Privacy</p></a
|
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|
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|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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|
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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|
|
href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-terms-of-service-9db0094a1e0f?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Terms</p></a
|
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>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="wp wq l">
|
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|
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<a
|
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|
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class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at"
|
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|
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href="https://speechify.com/medium?source=post_page-----f23c9a43cc08--------------------------------"
|
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rel="noopener follow"
|
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><p class="bf b dv z du">Text to speech</p></a
|
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>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="wp l">
|
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text: "Superphénix… s’il est un réacteur célèbre en France, c’est bien lui. J’en parle souvent, avec des regrets, mais aussi avec la fierté de vivre dans le pays qui a développé un réacteur unique au monde jamais égalé. En son temps, il était le roi de tous les réacteurs, du haut de ses 1240 MW électriques, offrant un réél potentiel d’indépendance énergétique à la France.",
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text: "Pour celles & ceux n’ayant pas un attrait prononcé pour la technique, les premiers paragraphes de cet article établiront une présentation rapide de SPX. La suite ira plus en profondeur, en s’appuyant sur les livres de Joël Guidez, la monographie du CEA sur les RNR à caloporteurs sodium, et des documents de l’IRSN (sources à la fin de l’article).",
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text: "Superphénix (désigné par le sigle SPX1 ou SPX) est un réacteur nucléaire à neutrons rapides (RNR) dont le caloporteur est le sodium (symbole Na) sous forme liquide.",
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text: "Caloporteur : vient du latin calor pour chaleur. C’est donc le nom donné au fluide qui circule pour extraire la chaleur. Dans un réacteur nucléaire il peut y en avoir plusieurs. Le plus connu est l’eau, qui sert à la fois de fluide d’échange au circuit primaire, secondaire et tertiaire.",
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text: "Mais on peut aussi fertiliser les atomes d’uranium 238 ! En le transformant en Pu239 justement, qui lui est fissile… On en reparle juste en-dessous dans la partie “Surgénérateur ou incinérateur ?”…",
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text: "Quelles sont les différences entre un REP (réacteur actuel), et un RNR-Na?",
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text: "Le changement principal intervient sur le circuit primaire, comme détaillé ci-dessous. Un échangeur intermédiaire, lui aussi en sodium, est intercalé pour extraire la chaleur du cœur et la transmettre aux générateurs de vapeur.",
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text: "Différences REP\u002FRNR",
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text: "Schéma d’un REP sans aéroréfrigérant \u002F\u002F Schéma de SPX",
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text: "Les différences seront explicitées plus bas dans la partie 3: “ La technologie RNR-Na”.",
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text: "Surgénérateur, incinérateur, isogénérateur ?",
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text: "Selon l’organisation du cœur et ce qu’on met dans les assemblage combustible, plusieurs possibilités s’offrent aux RNR-Na. Deux familles nous intéressent. Les isotopes du plutonium et les actinides mineurs.",
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text: "Les stocks de plutonium sont condamnés à augmenter à court terme, ils augmentent même dans les pays qui le recyclent (MOx), car les réacteurs actuels n’en font pas disparaître assez. Ce qu’on voit dans l’image ci-dessous est la masse accumulée selon le temps en fonction du cycle. Le cycle ouvert est l’option actuellement poursuivie en France. Le scénario MIX (valorisant les MOx) et RNR permettent d’abaisser considérablement ces stocks.",
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text: "Stocks de matière à valoriser",
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text: "Incinérateur ?",
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text: "En enlevant l’enveloppe d’uranium 238 autour du cœur, Superphénix pouvait devenir sous-générateur : il pouvait consommer plus de plutonium 239 qu’il n’en créait. Cela permettait donc d’incinérer les déchets accumulés les plus problématiques, et sans devoir miner un gramme d’uranium naturel. Superphénix pouvait également transmuter les actinides pour en faire des déchets à vie courte. Le RNR-Na est le seul concept mature capable de faire cela. Cette configuration a été celle de SPX durant toute son existence.",
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text: "Pour les actinides, il est possible de remplacer certaines alvéoles par des assemblages spéciaux pour les faire fissionner, et réduire drastiquement leur durée de vie (de plusieurs centaines de milliers d’années à quelques centaines).",
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text: "La capture neutronique sur l’uranium 238 à l’intérieur du cœur ainsi que dans les enveloppes en périphéries de cœur pouvait produire plus de plutonium qu’il n’en consommait. Ainsi, il pouvait régénérer son propre stock de combustible à partir de matière fertile. Le cœur de SPX, bien que capable de passer en mode surgénération, n’a jamais été fait, mais cela était bel et bien prévu par l’exploitant.",
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text: "2. L’histoire des RNR, du projet Manhattan jusqu’à SPX2",
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text: "3. Pourquoi le sodium ?",
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"Paragraph:b5aea605a41c_35": {
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text: "4. Principes de conception généraux",
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"Paragraph:b5aea605a41c_38": {
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name: "5127",
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text: "7. Exploitation et bilan de SPX",
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href: null,
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text: "1. Pourquoi faire Superphénix ?",
|
|||
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text: "Je reprendrai certains des mots de Georges Vendryes (1920–2014), grand serviteur du nucléaire français, dans “Superphénix pourquoi ?”, ouvrage dont je recommande la lecture, il est accessible à toutes et tous.",
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text: "“Le premier pays qui mettra au point un réacteur nucléaire surgénérateur en tirera un avantage commercial décisif.” Enrico Fermi, 1945.",
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text: "Le grand-père de Superphénix, Rapsodie",
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text: "La France d’après 1945 se relève doucement et créée en 1945 le Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, pour que la France soit souveraine sur les technologies nucléaires militaires et civiles. La recherche sur les neutrons rapides en France part avec 10 ans de retard sur les Etats-Unis (Clementine, EBR-1), l’URSS (BR2, 5 puis BR10) et la Grande-Bretagne (DFR). En 1958, le CEA l’avant-projet sommaire de Rapsodie, première “pile expérimentale à neutron rapides refroidie au sodium” (on appellerait ça un réacteur nucléaire aujourd’hui). L’objectif est d’acquérir des données expérimentales pour lancer plus tard un prototype dont on pourrait convertir l’énergie du cœur. L’aventure des neutrons rapides commence alors à Cadarache, dans le Sud de la France. Sa construction commença en 1962 et s’acheva en 1966, pour une première divergence et l’atteinte de sa pleine puissance (20MWth) en 1967. Il fut exploité pendant 15 ans, et a ouvert la voie à Phénix.",
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text: "Son père, Phénix.",
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text: "EDF et le CEA signent en 1969 un protocole d’exploitation commun. Le réacteur fera 250MWe, permettant de garder les dimensions industrielles des groupes turbo-alternateurs disponibles à l’époque. Début des travaux en 1968 et divergence en 1973, pleine puissance en 1974. Malgré quelques incidents propres à tout prototype, le réacteur fonctionne 15 ans de façon remarquable, et est le premier à utiliser le plutonium qu’il a lui-même produit. Il atteint un taux de régénération de 1.16 (16% de matière fissile en plus à la fin du cycle par rapport au début). Le concept de surgénérateur est validé !",
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text: "Les qualités des RNR du point de vue du cycle sont remarquables. Comme expliqué plus haut, les deux configurations de cœur de type incinérateur ou surgénérateur donnent à SPX un avantage considérable sur tous les autres réacteurs à neutrons thermiques (qui constituent au moins 95% des réacteurs actuels).",
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text: "Plutonium. Actuellement en France, il est utilisé dans les REP sous forme de MOx (“mix d’oxydes U-Pu”), mais il ne peut être utilisé qu’une fois, sa qualité isotopique se dégradant (c’est à dire que la proportion des isotopes pairs, non fissiles, augmente). Le multi-recyclage efficace ne peut avoir lieu que grâce dans des RNR. Nous disposons aussi des stocks de MOX usés (120 t\u002Fan), qui ne sont pas valorisés actuellement malgré leur immense potentiel énergétique.",
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text: "Autres ressources valorisables. L’uranium de retraitement appauvri (800 t\u002Fan) et l’uranium de retraitement réutilisé (140 t\u002Fan), sont également actuellement très peu valorisés, alors qu’ils pourraient servir de combustible dans un parc de réacteurs rapides. Enfin, mais cela est encore à confirmer, il est possible sur le papier de convertir les actinides mineurs par transmutation ce qui diminuerait encore la quantité et la toxicité de ces déchets ultimes. Les déchets les plus complexes à gérer sont actuellement produits par le parc français à hauteur d’environ 40 t\u002Fan, ce qui est ridicule au vue de l’énergie produite mais reste néanmoins un enjeu de gestion (stratégie d’entreposage et de refroidissement). Cela sera détaillé plus loin.",
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text: "2. L’histoire des RNR, du projet Manhattan jusqu’à SPX2",
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text: "C’est important de comprendre la génèse de l’idée derrière le RNR. Ce concept est en réalité apparu dans les esprits des physiciens à peu près au même moment que celui des réacteurs à modérateurs.",
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text: "Enrico Fermi, futur prix Nobel de physique, qui travaillait alors sur la pile de Chicago, a été le premier à étudier les neutrons rapides. Il a remarqué que les neutrons lents causaient plus fréquemment des fissions que les neutrons rapides, découvrant alors le principe de section efficace. Le projet Manhattan achevé, la recherche sur les applications de la fission nucléaire allait bientôt devenir un enjeu majeur pour cette deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.",
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text: "“L’énergie nucléaire est une sacrée façon de faire bouillir de l’eau“, Albert Einstein (1879–1955).",
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text: "1935 Frédéric Joliot-Curie prononce ces mots en conclusion de sa conférence qu’il donne après la réception de son prix Nobel de chimie: “Nous sommes en droit de penser que les chercheurs, construisant ou brisant les atomes à volonté, sauront réaliser des transmutations à caractère explosif, véritables réactions chimiques à chaînes. Si de telles transformations arrivent à se propager dans la matière, on peut concevoir l’énorme libération d’énergie utilisable qui aura lieu”.",
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text: "1942 La pile de Chicago est en place et le 2 décembre 1942 à 15h25, la première réaction en chaîne artificielle auto-entretenue débute.",
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text: "1945Enrico Fermi propose le concept de réacteur surgénérateur. Un réacteur produisant plus de matière fissile qu’il n’en consomme.",
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text: "1946Le premier réacteur nucléaire à neutrons rapides, Clementine, diverge. Il a un caloporteur au mercure. Son objectif était d’étudirr les propriétés nucléaires de plusieurs matériaux à la suite du succès du projet Manhattan. Ce réacteur a servi à de nombreuses expériences, comme prouver la possibilité de faire un surgénérateur civil, ou encore mesurer les sections efficaces de plusieurs isotopes.",
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text: "1951Le premier réacteur nucléaire électrogène, EBR-I pour Experimental Breeder Reactor I, produit assez de puissance pour allumer 4 ampoules. Son caloporteur est un eutectique sodium-potassium (Na-K).",
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text: "1956Création du consortium européen EUROCHEMIC, première agence européenne de coopération technique nucléaire.",
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text: "1958Début du fonctionnement de l’unité de retraitement du plutonium UP1 à Marcoule.",
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text: "1962Construction de Rapsodie, premier RNR-Na en France, critique en 1967. 20MWth. Fonctionnera jusqu’en 1983.",
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text: "1968Construction de phénix par le CEA et EDF. 560MWth. Il fonctionnera jusqu’en 2010.",
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text: "1976Construction de Superphénix dit SPX, 1200MWe. L’échelon industriel des RNR-Na, plus gros RNR jamais construit à ce jour. Pleine puissance en 1986, après seulement 10 ans.",
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text: "1992Le redémarrage de Superphénix est soumis à la réalisation préalable d’une étude (Rapport Curien) sur la contribution que pourrait apporter Superphénix à l’incinération des déchets radioactifs. Cette étude confirme l’intérêt de SPX pour ce sujet, et le redémarrage est autorisé le 17 décembre 1992.",
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text: "3. Pourquoi le sodium ?",
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text: "Les RNR ont autant de design que de caloporteurs. Certains choisissent des métaux liquides purs (Na, Pb, Hg), d’autres des eutectiques (Pb-Bi, Na-K), ou encore le gaz (He). Certains choisissent aussi l’option des sels (chlorure ou fluorure). Le choix du sodium présente un certain nombre d’avantages et la famille de RNR ayant le plus de retour d’expérience dans le monde est de loin celle du sodium.",
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text: "Un certain nombre de critères doivent s’appliquer au caloporteur d’un RNR. Le premier, assez logiquement, est sa transparence aux neutrons, afin de modérer peu. On cherche donc un matériau faiblement absorbant et à faible pouvoir de ralentissement, ce qui exclut de fait la plupart des matériaux légers.",
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text: "Ensuite, on veut un caloporteur efficace, il doit donc avoir une forte capacité calorifique et une bonne conductivité thermique. Son écoulement en cœur doit être excellent et ne pas demander un effort trop important aux pompes primaires, il doit donc être peu visqueux.",
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text: "Ensuite, il doit être capable d’encaisser les transitoires en restant monophasique liquide, il faut éviter qu’il se solidifie et qu’il s’évapore.",
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text: "Le caloporteur doit être aussi pur que possible pour éviter les produits d’activation dans le circuit, ce qui compliquerait la maintenance. On veut également éviter qu’il soit corrosif pour les structures internes.",
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text: "Bilan pour le sodium : ses températures de fusion (97,8°C) et d’ébullition (883°C) permettent, à 500°C, une utilisation à la pression atmosphérique. Il a une très bonne conductibilité thermique (100 fois celle de l’eau). Il absorbe très peu les neutrons et a une faible capacité à les ralentir (mais cette composante n’est pas nulle pour autant, nous le verrons dans la partie sûreté). Le sodium ne s’active pas non plus est est peu corrosif. Il est excellent d’un point de vue neutronique et thermohydraulique mais mauvais sur la physico-chimie du fait de la réaction Na-H2O très exothermique et de son inflammation au contact de l’air. Le sodium n’est pas cher et est adapté à l’usage industriel.",
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text: "Superphénix est un réacteur à neutrons rapides (RNR), ce qui signifie que sa population de neutron sera (très majoritairement) dans le “spectre” rapide, de 10⁵eV à 2*10⁷eV, comme le montre la courbe orange ci-dessous.",
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text: "Le combustible a une géométrie hexagonale (carrée en REP), et est disposé dans des “aiguilles ” (“crayons” en REP). La géométrie en aiguille est choisie pour sa compacité, un combustible RNR-Na doit avoir au moins 15% de plutonium.",
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text: "Dans un RNR-Na, il y a un échangeur supplémentaire, intercalé entre le circuit primaire et le circuit turbine. Pourquoi ?",
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text: "On veut éviter le contact entre l’eau du circuit turbine et le sodium primaire (réaction très exothermique, boom)…",
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text: "Deux concepts d’organisation de ce circuit intermédiaire sont proposés. La différence repose sur la localisation de l’échangeur intermédiaire, dans la cuve (concept intégré) ou en dehors (concept à boucles, comme sur REP). Le caloporteur utilisé dans cet échangeur est également du sodium, après avoir écarté l’option de l’eutectique Pb-Bi. Des concepts récents (Hexana) proposent d’utiliser un sel fondu.",
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text: "Concepts d’organisation des circuits intermédiaires d’un RNR-Na",
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text: "Systèmes de conversion",
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text: "Les générateurs de vapeur (GV) sont hélicoïdaux sur SPX, contrairement à ceux des REP, et encore différents des GV en épingle de Phénix. L’avantage de cette géométrie est qu’elle présente une grande longueur (80m). Les GV de SPX sont conçus en un seul morceau, comme sur REP, moins chers mais plus durs à changer. Les tubes sont en Alliage 800. Les caractéristiques sont détaillées ci-dessous. Le GV avait beau être le premier du genre, aucun incident majeur n’a été déclaré pendant ses 748 jours d’opérations.",
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text: "La cuve",
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text: "C’est assez particulier sur SPX, il y a deux cuve. Une cuve dans une autre. La cuve la plus intérieure contient l’ensemble du circuit primaire, et la cuve de sécurité qui l’entoure permet de contrôler les fuites sodium et de valoriser la convection naturelle de ce dernier, et donc en évacuant la chaleur résiduelle, ce qui permet d’éviter l’évaporation du sodium. Sur Phénix, la faible puissance relative à la surface de cuve permettait de refroidir uniquement par rayonnement de la face externe de la cuve.",
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text: "Le choix fait sur SPX est de prendre la cuve principale, la dalle supérieure prend la masse. Un schéma pour bien comprendre.",
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text: "Sur ce schéma, en gris clair la cuve principale, en forme d’entonnoir. La cuve de sécurité englobe les pompes primaires. (source: EDF)",
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text: "Elles sont toutes mécaniques, et non pas électromagnétiques (réacteurs du futur). Ces pompes sont au nombre de quatre, d’une hauteur de 15 m, d’un diamètre maximum 2,5 m pour une masse totale sans moteur et avec protection biologique de 120 tonnes. Leur débit atteint presque 4.8m3\u002Fs.",
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text: "Chose à noter, la pompe étant suspendue par en haut, les dilatations thermiques à l’entrée sont importantes. Ainsi la pompe est supportée à sa partie supérieure par un anneau flexible permettant la libre inclinaison de la pompe sous l’action des déplacements différentiels.",
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text: "Le bouchon couvercle cœur (BCC)",
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text: "On parle ici de la pièce amovible positionnée en haut du cœur et reposant sur la dalle de maintien.",
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text: "C’est une pièce multifonction. Il sert à fermer le circuit primaire par le haut, assurant l’étanchéité. Comme sur un REP, le BCC supporte et positionne les mécanismes de commande des barres et l’instrumentation de surveillance du cœur. Il a aussi un rôle de protection biologique et thermique. Par rapport à un REP, le BCC a aussi une fonction hydraulique, il dévie les jets de sodium à la sortie du cœur.",
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text: "Déjà, le réacteur dispose de grappes d’arrêt pour stopper la réaction en chaîne, elles sont placées en haut (cf. schéma ci-dessous). L’effet Xénon n’est pas présent, simplifiant le contrôle de la réactivité du cœur. Le centre du cœur, là où il est le plus chaud, induit des variations de densité du sodium, contribuant à des insertions ponctuelles de réactivité. L’objectif est de se prémunir en concevant un cœur CFV (faible vidange) comme le projet ASTRID. L’effet est d’autant plus fort que le cœur est grand.",
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text: "Le sodium a une plus grande marge à l’ébullition que l’eau par rapport au fonctionnement normal. L’ inertie thermique du sodium ( résistance au changement température lors d’un transitoire). Des systèmes diversifiés sont mis en place pour évacuer la puissance résiduelle, dont des échangeurs sodium-air. Sur SPX, le DRACS est le BPR sont passifs à 4 boucles. Le RVACS est actif à deux boucles. Il n’y a pas de SGOSHDR sur SPX.",
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text: "Première barrière (gaine combustible) : la conductivité thermique élevée du sodium (x70 par rapport à l’eau) assure un coefficient d’échange important entre les gaines et le sodium. Concernant les ruptures de gaine, elles sont de deux types, ouverte ou gazeuse. Les RNR français sont équipés du système DND (Détection de Neutrons Différés) pour détecter les ruptures ouvertes de gaine. L’assemblage défectueux est ensuite identifié et retiré du cœur (on s’interdit de fonctionner en gaines percées). Dans le cas des ruptures par rejet de gaz de fission, des rejets peuvent alors avoir lieu par les soupapes de protection du circuit d’argon du ciel de pile",
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text: "La deuxième barrière est assez complexe à définir sur RNR-Na, on va donc regarder seulement le concept intégré ici (type SPX).",
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text: "cuve de sécurité, cette dernière étant prévue pour collecter le sodium primaire en cas de la fuite de la cuve principale (22.5m de diamètre),",
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text: "fermeture supérieure du réacteur,",
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text: "circuits auxiliaires véhiculant du sodium primaire ou du gaz de couverture (argon) hors du circuit primaire,",
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text: "Concernant les accidents graves, les normes à l’époque de Phénix n’imposaient pas de système de mitigation. SPX avait quand à lui un récupérateur à débris de corium dans sa cuve. On l’appelait le cendrier, il était originellement conçu pour résister à la fusion complète de 7 assemblages, la fusion totale étant jugée trop improbable en raison des caractéristiques de sûreté du cœur.",
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text: "Cette partie est la plus important pour comprendre l’intérêt des RNR-Na dans une optique de gestion durables des matières radioactives françaises. La France est assise sur une mine d’or qui ne demande qu’à être exploité, à la différence notable que, cette fois, l’or est déjà miné et ne demande qu’à être valorisé.",
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text: "Il est important de comprendre que les RNR se positionnent comme l’étape suivant celle du déploiement de REP. Le plutonium généré par les irradiations en REP permet de démarrer des RNR. Le MOx neuf (voire usé) est exploitable en coeur rapide. C’est un point clé car cela permet de se baser sur un cycle existant, ce qui donne au RNR-Na un avantage considérable sur d’autres technologies de 4e génération tels que les réacteurs à haute température (HTR) à combustible TRISO ou les réacteurs à sels fondus (sel chlorure ou fluorure)",
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text: "En l’état actuel du cycle français, le parc produit environ 10 tonnes de Pu par an. Les REP viennent donc se placer comme l’étape préliminaire (et indispensable) à l’établissement d’une filière rapide qui a besoin de plutonium pour démarrer ses premiers cœurs. L’objectif à très long terme (plusieurs décennies) est la surgénération, qui permet ensuite à la filière de s’autoalimenter. Ainsi il est nécessaire de maintenir la filière REP pour accompagner les premiers RNR.",
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text: "Déjà, de quels isotopes parle-t-on ? Dans l’ordre d’importance, l’Américium (Am 241, Am 243), le Curium (Cm 244, Cm 245) et le Neptunium (Np 237).",
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text: "L’objectif est double, obtenir des colis moins toxiques…et beaucoup moins chauds ! Je ne vous dirai pas que les déchets ne seront plus un problème, mais la transmutation des AM ouvre la voie à des modes de gestion beaucoup plus simples. De plus, cela permettrait d’utiliser CIGEO encore mieux, du fait de la possibilité d’augmentation de concentration de matière dans les alvéoles, la chaleur résiduelle étant moins élevée ! Ci-dessous, les contributions des AM à la radiotoxicité des colis et à leur chaleur.",
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text: "Mais cela ferait aussi des colis moins chauds à gérer. (cf. [1] p.171)",
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text: "Les processus chimiques impliqués dans le retraitement et l’extraction des actinides mineurs dépassent mes compétences, mais les personnes intéressées peuvent toujours aller lire la monographie CEA sur la séparation des actinides des combustibles usés (disponible ici). C’est un sujet passionnant qui mériterait un article entier, mais n’étant pas chimiste je ne m’y risquerai pas.",
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text: "En supposant une extraction efficace dans le combustible de ces AM, on peut maintenant regarder les potentiels usages en RNR. Déjà, la neutronique du RNR est plus favorable à la transmutation des AM:",
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text: "A comprendre ainsi: “Le Neptunium 237 a 30 fois plus de chance d’être capturé que de fissionner en REP-MOx. Cela passe à 5.3 en RNR-MOx”.",
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text: "6. Les matériaux",
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text: "6.1 Les matériaux du combustible",
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text: "Les matériaux structurels sont en acier inoxydable austénitique. Le combustible est une poudre MOx compactée en pastille. Acier AIM1 sur SPX, AIM2 sur ASTRID.",
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text: "Le tube hexagonal est en acier EM10",
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text: "Le barillet, à l’origine en acier 15 D3, a été changé suite à une fissure rapide.",
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text: "Les tubes GV de SPX sont en alliage à forte teneur en nickel, du type Alliage 800.",
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text: "“ Le simple bon sens dicte la marche à suivre : puisque l’investissement est fait, puisque le combustible est disponible, et puisque les dépenses d’exploitation peuvent être équilibrées par les fournitures d’électricité, dépensons le plus tard possible les sommes inéluctables que nécessiteront la mise à l’arrêt définitif et le démantèlement de la centrale. “ Georges Vendryes",
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text: "Comprendre ses performances industrielles",
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text: "53 mois de réel fonctionnement",
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text: "En 1990, le toit de la salle des machines s’effondre à cause d’une chute de neige exceptionnelle.",
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text: "La turbine de 1200MWe n’était pas encore prête, il a fallu en faire deux de 600MWe. Cela a conduit à des difficultés de fonctionnement importantes dans les premières années et à des baisses notables du coefficient de disponibilité.",
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text: "Les fuites sodium",
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text: "Superphénix aura connu 3 très petites fuites de sodium (à comparer à Phénix qui en a eu 32, et oui le retour d’expérience, ça compte).",
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text: "Première fuite: mai 1987, une fuite sodium est constatée sur le barillet. Cette fuite est causée par la corrosion d’un acier proposé par le partenaire allemand… Or cet acier n’était ni utilisé, ni validé sur Phénix. Cet équipement sera remplacé et cela nécessita une intervention de 18 mois.",
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text: "Deuxième fuite : en 1990, de l’air s’infiltre dans la partie supérieure, dans le ciel d’argon. Cette fuite est causée par un compresseur de mauvaise fabrication. Cette fuite a servi de raison aux politiques pour paralyser le réacteur qui ne pourra pas fonctionner pendant 4 ans.",
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text: "Ces deux start-up proposent la technologie la plus mature de tout le spectre du nucléaire innovant, en France comme à l’international. On parle de 400 années réacteurs en fonctionnement. Soit plus que les RNR-Pb (plomb), RNR-gaz et RSF (sels fondus) réunis. Nous en avons eu trois en France, à différentes puissances permettant de valider le concept.",
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text: "J’espère vous avoir donné des éléments utiles pour comprendre les RNR-Na et le génie derrière Superphénix. Vous saurez quoi répondre quand on vous parlera des soi-disant “dangers” de SPX.",
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