tykayn/orgmode-to-gemini-blog
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Projects Releases Wiki Activity
main
orgmode-to-gemini-blog/exports/html/Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR. _ by Dragonfeu _ Sep, 2024 _ Medium.html
Tykayn 2bcb27cd36 move to several websites
2024-11-03 11:06:34 +01:00

68 lines
241 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><title data-rh="true">Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR. | by Dragonfeu | Sep, 2024 | Medium</title><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:package" content="com.medium.reader"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="542599432471018"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:site_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2024-09-15T14:49:11.972Z"/><meta data-rh="true" name="title" content="Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR. | by Dragonfeu | Sep, 2024 | Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR."/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:url" content="medium://p/f82c1d15ed58"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:url" content="medium://p/f82c1d15ed58"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (nota: article écrit en septembre 2024). Autrement dit la réaction en chaîne a été, et pour la…"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (nota: article écrit en septembre…"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://medium.com/@dragonfeu/strat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:web:url" content="https://medium.com/@dragonfeu/strat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:948/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="https://medium.com/@dragonfeu"/><meta data-rh="true" name="author" content="Dragonfeu"/><meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="index,noarchive,follow,max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="medium://p/f82c1d15ed58"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (nota: article écrit en septembre…"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:948/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:label1" content="Reading time"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:data1" content="15 min read"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19"/><link data-rh="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Medium" href="/osd.xml"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:304:304/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:240:240/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:152:152/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:120:120/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:1000:1000/7*GAOKVe--MXbEJmV9230oOQ.png" color="#171717"/><link data-rh="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://glyph.medium.com" crossOrigin=""/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_preload_link" rel="preload" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" rel="author" href="https://medium.com/@dragonfeu"/><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://medium.com/@dragonfeu/strat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58"/><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="android-app://com.medium.reader/https/medium.com/p/f82c1d15ed58"/><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","image":["https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fv2\u002Fresize:fit:1200\u002F1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@dragonfeu\u002Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58","dateCreated":"2024-09-08T12:51:18.703Z","datePublished":"2024-09-08T12:51:18.703Z","dateModified":"2024-09-15T14:49:14.417Z","headline":"Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR.","name":"Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR.","description":"J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (nota: article écrit en septembre 2024). Autrement dit la réaction en chaîne a été, et pour la…","identifier":"f82c1d15ed58","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Dragonfeu","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@dragonfeu"},"creator":["Dragonfeu"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Medium","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":272,"height":60,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fv2\u002Fresize:fit:544\u002F7*V1_7XP4snlmqrc_0Njontw.png"}},"mainEntityOfPage":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@dragonfeu\u002Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58"}</script><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="STATIC">html{box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}*, *:before, *:after{box-sizing:inherit}body{margin:0;padding:0;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);position:relative;min-height:100vh}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dl, dd, ol, ul, menu, figure, blockquote, p, pre, form{margin:0}menu, ol, ul{padding:0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none}main{display:block}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a, button, input{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}img, svg{vertical-align:middle}button{background:transparent;overflow:visible}button, input, optgroup, select, textarea{margin:0}:root{--reach-tabs:1;--reach-menu-button:1}#speechify-root{font-family:Sohne, sans-serif}div[data-popper-reference-hidden="true"]{visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden}
/*XCode style (c) Angel Garcia <angelgarcia.mail@gmail.com>*/.hljs {background: #fff;color: black;
}/* Gray DOCTYPE selectors like WebKit */
.xml .hljs-meta {color: #c0c0c0;
}.hljs-comment,
.hljs-quote {color: #007400;
}.hljs-tag,
.hljs-attribute,
.hljs-keyword,
.hljs-selector-tag,
.hljs-literal,
.hljs-name {color: #aa0d91;
}.hljs-variable,
.hljs-template-variable {color: #3F6E74;
}.hljs-code,
.hljs-string,
.hljs-meta .hljs-string {color: #c41a16;
}.hljs-regexp,
.hljs-link {color: #0E0EFF;
}.hljs-title,
.hljs-symbol,
.hljs-bullet,
.hljs-number {color: #1c00cf;
}.hljs-section,
.hljs-meta {color: #643820;
}.hljs-title.class_,
.hljs-class .hljs-title,
.hljs-type,
.hljs-built_in,
.hljs-params {color: #5c2699;
}.hljs-attr {color: #836C28;
}.hljs-subst {color: #000;
}.hljs-formula {background-color: #eee;font-style: italic;
}.hljs-addition {background-color: #baeeba;
}.hljs-deletion {background-color: #ffc8bd;
}.hljs-selector-id,
.hljs-selector-class {color: #9b703f;
}.hljs-doctag,
.hljs-strong {font-weight: bold;
}.hljs-emphasis {font-style: italic;
}
</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="KEYFRAME">@-webkit-keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}@-moz-keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}@keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE">.a{font-family:medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif}.b{font-weight:400}.c{background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.l{display:block}.m{position:sticky}.n{top:0}.o{z-index:500}.p{padding:0 24px}.q{align-items:center}.r{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.y{height:41px}.z{line-height:20px}.ab{display:flex}.ac{height:57px}.ae{flex:1 0 auto}.af{color:inherit}.ag{fill:inherit}.ah{font-size:inherit}.ai{border:inherit}.aj{font-family:inherit}.ak{letter-spacing:inherit}.al{font-weight:inherit}.am{padding:0}.an{margin:0}.ao{cursor:pointer}.ap:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.aq:disabled{color:#6B6B6B}.ar:disabled{fill:#6B6B6B}.au{width:auto}.av path{fill:#242424}.aw{height:25px}.ax{margin-left:16px}.ay{border:none}.az{border-radius:20px}.ba{width:240px}.bb{background:#F9F9F9}.bc path{fill:#6B6B6B}.be{outline:none}.bf{font-family:sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif}.bg{font-size:14px}.bh{width:100%}.bi{padding:10px 20px 10px 0}.bj{background-color:transparent}.bk{color:#242424}.bl::placeholder{color:#6B6B6B}.bm{display:inline-block}.bn{margin-left:12px}.bo{margin-right:12px}.bp{border-radius:4px}.bq{margin-left:24px}.br{height:24px}.bx{background-color:#F9F9F9}.by{border-radius:50%}.bz{height:32px}.ca{width:32px}.cb{justify-content:center}.ch{max-width:680px}.ci{min-width:0}.cj{animation:k1 1.2s ease-in-out infinite}.ck{height:100vh}.cl{margin-bottom:16px}.cm{margin-top:48px}.cn{align-items:flex-start}.co{flex-direction:column}.cp{justify-content:space-between}.cq{margin-bottom:24px}.cw{width:80%}.cx{background-color:#F2F2F2}.dd{height:44px}.de{width:44px}.df{margin:auto 0}.dg{margin-bottom:4px}.dh{height:16px}.di{width:120px}.dj{width:80px}.dp{margin-bottom:8px}.dq{width:96%}.dr{width:98%}.ds{width:81%}.dt{margin-left:8px}.du{color:#6B6B6B}.dv{font-size:13px}.dw{height:100%}.ep{color:#FFFFFF}.eq{fill:#FFFFFF}.er{background:#1A8917}.es{border-color:#1A8917}.ew:disabled{cursor:inherit !important}.ex:disabled{opacity:0.3}.ey:disabled:hover{background:#1A8917}.ez:disabled:hover{border-color:#1A8917}.fa{border-radius:99em}.fb{border-width:1px}.fc{border-style:solid}.fd{box-sizing:border-box}.fe{text-decoration:none}.ff{text-align:center}.fi{margin-right:32px}.fj{position:relative}.fk{fill:#6B6B6B}.fn{background:transparent}.fo svg{margin-left:4px}.fp svg{fill:#6B6B6B}.fr{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.fs{position:absolute}.fz{margin:0 24px}.gd{background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.ge{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.gf{box-shadow:0 1px 4px #F2F2F2}.gg{max-height:100vh}.gh{overflow-y:auto}.gi{left:0}.gj{top:calc(100vh + 100px)}.gk{bottom:calc(100vh + 100px)}.gl{width:10px}.gm{pointer-events:none}.gn{word-break:break-word}.go{word-wrap:break-word}.gp:after{display:block}.gq:after{content:""}.gr:after{clear:both}.gs{line-height:1.23}.gt{letter-spacing:0}.gu{font-style:normal}.gv{font-weight:700}.ia{align-items:baseline}.ib{width:48px}.ic{height:48px}.id{border:2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.ie{z-index:0}.if{box-shadow:none}.ig{border:1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.ih{margin-bottom:2px}.ii{flex-wrap:nowrap}.ij{font-size:16px}.ik{line-height:24px}.im{margin:0 8px}.in{display:inline}.io{color:#1A8917}.ip{fill:#1A8917}.is{flex:0 0 auto}.iv{flex-wrap:wrap}.iw{padding-left:8px}.ix{padding-right:8px}.jy> *{flex-shrink:0}.jz{overflow-x:scroll}.ka::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.kb{scrollbar-width:none}.kc{-ms-overflow-style:none}.kd{width:74px}.ke{flex-direction:row}.kf{z-index:2}.kg{margin-right:4px}.kj{-webkit-user-select:none}.kk{border:0}.kl{fill:rgba(117, 117, 117, 1)}.ko{outline:0}.kp{user-select:none}.kq> svg{pointer-events:none}.kz{cursor:progress}.la{opacity:1}.lb{padding:4px 0}.le{margin-top:0px}.lf{width:16px}.lh{padding:8px 2px}.li svg{color:#6B6B6B}.lz{line-height:1.58}.ma{letter-spacing:-0.004em}.mb{font-family:source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif}.mw{margin-bottom:-0.46em}.mx{font-style:italic}.my{margin-left:auto}.mz{margin-right:auto}.na{max-width:948px}.ng{clear:both}.ni{cursor:zoom-in}.nj{z-index:auto}.nl{max-width:100%}.nm{height:auto}.nn{margin-top:10px}.no{max-width:728px}.nr{text-decoration:underline}.ns{max-width:490px}.nt{max-width:692px}.nu{margin-top:32px}.nv{margin-bottom:14px}.nw{padding-top:24px}.nx{padding-bottom:10px}.ny{background-color:#000000}.nz{height:3px}.oa{width:3px}.ob{margin-right:20px}.oc{line-height:1.12}.od{letter-spacing:-0.022em}.oe{font-weight:600}.oz{margin-bottom:-0.28em}.pk{max-width:945px}.pl{list-style-type:decimal}.pm{margin-left:30px}.pn{padding-left:0px}.po{max-width:468px}.pp{max-width:1016px}.pq{max-width:453px}.pr{max-width:373px}.ps{max-width:476px}.pt{max-width:636px}.pu{list-style-type:disc}.qa{max-width:760px}.qb{margin:auto}.qc{overflow:hidden}.qd{padding-bottom:75%}.qe{height:0}.qf{max-width:761px}.qg{max-width:518px}.qh{max-width:730px}.qi{padding-bottom:56.206088992974244%}.qj{font-style:inherit}.qk{max-width:2000px}.ql{max-width:776px}.qm{max-width:529px}.qn{max-width:635px}.qo{max-width:715px}.qp{line-height:1.18}.rd{margin-bottom:-0.31em}.re{max-width:629px}.rf{margin-bottom:26px}.rg{margin-top:6px}.rh{margin-top:8px}.ri{margin-right:8px}.rj{padding:8px 16px}.rk{border-radius:100px}.rl{transition:background 300ms ease}.rn{white-space:nowrap}.ro{border-top:none}.ru{height:52px}.rv{max-height:52px}.rw{box-sizing:content-box}.rx{position:static}.ry{z-index:1}.sa{max-width:155px}.sl{align-items:flex-end}.sm{width:76px}.sn{height:76px}.so{border:2px solid #F9F9F9}.sp{height:72px}.sq{width:72px}.sr{stroke:#F2F2F2}.ss{height:36px}.st{width:36px}.su{color:#F2F2F2}.sv{fill:#F2F2F2}.sw{background:#F2F2F2}.sx{border-color:#F2F2F2}.td{font-weight:500}.te{font-size:24px}.tf{line-height:30px}.tg{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.th{margin-top:16px}.ti{height:0px}.tj{border-bottom:solid 1px #E5E5E5}.tp{margin-top:72px}.tq{padding:24px 0}.tr{margin-bottom:0px}.ts{margin-right:16px}.as:hover:not(:disabled){color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.at:hover:not(:disabled){fill:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.et:hover{background:#156D12}.eu:hover{border-color:#156D12}.ev:hover{cursor:pointer}.fl:hover{color:#242424}.fm:hover{fill:#242424}.fq:hover svg{fill:#242424}.ft:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.il:hover{text-decoration:underline}.iq:hover:not(:disabled){color:#156D12}.ir:hover:not(:disabled){fill:#156D12}.kn:hover{fill:rgba(8, 8, 8, 1)}.lc:hover{fill:#000000}.ld:hover p{color:#000000}.lg:hover{color:#000000}.lj:hover svg{color:#000000}.rm:hover{background-color:#F2F2F2}.sy:hover{background:#F2F2F2}.sz:hover{border-color:#F2F2F2}.ta:hover{cursor:wait}.tb:hover{color:#F2F2F2}.tc:hover{fill:#F2F2F2}.bd:focus-within path{fill:#242424}.km:focus{fill:rgba(8, 8, 8, 1)}.lk:focus svg{color:#000000}.nk:focus{transform:scale(1.01)}.kr:active{border-style:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)">.d{display:none}.bw{width:64px}.cg{margin:0 64px}.cv{height:48px}.dc{margin-bottom:52px}.do{margin-bottom:48px}.ef{font-size:14px}.eg{line-height:20px}.em{font-size:13px}.eo{padding:5px 12px}.fh{display:flex}.fy{margin-bottom:68px}.gc{max-width:680px}.hq{font-size:42px}.hr{margin-top:1.19em}.hs{margin-bottom:32px}.ht{line-height:52px}.hu{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hz{align-items:center}.jk{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jl{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jm{margin:32px 0 0}.jn{padding:3px 8px}.jw> *{margin-right:24px}.jx> :last-child{margin-right:0}.ky{margin-top:0px}.ms{font-size:20px}.mt{margin-top:2.14em}.mu{line-height:32px}.mv{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.nf{margin-top:56px}.ov{font-size:24px}.ow{margin-top:1.25em}.ox{line-height:30px}.oy{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.pe{margin-top:1.95em}.pj{margin-top:0.94em}.pz{margin-top:1.14em}.ra{margin-top:1.72em}.rb{line-height:24px}.rc{letter-spacing:0}.rt{margin-bottom:88px}.sf{display:inline-block}.sk{padding-top:72px}.to{margin-top:40px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.e{display:none}.kx{margin-top:0px}.np{margin-left:auto}.nq{text-align:center}.se{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 903.98px)">.f{display:none}.kw{margin-top:0px}.sd{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 727.98px)">.g{display:none}.ku{margin-top:0px}.kv{margin-right:0px}.sc{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 551.98px)">.h{display:none}.s{display:flex}.t{justify-content:space-between}.bs{width:24px}.cc{margin:0 24px}.cr{height:40px}.cy{margin-bottom:44px}.dk{margin-bottom:32px}.dx{font-size:13px}.dy{line-height:20px}.eh{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fu{margin-bottom:4px}.gw{font-size:32px}.gx{margin-top:1.01em}.gy{margin-bottom:24px}.gz{line-height:38px}.ha{letter-spacing:-0.014em}.hv{align-items:flex-start}.it{flex-direction:column}.iy{margin:24px -24px 0}.iz{padding:0}.jo> *{margin-right:8px}.jp> :last-child{margin-right:24px}.kh{margin-left:0px}.ks{margin-top:0px}.kt{margin-right:0px}.ll{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.lm{border-radius:99em}.ln{padding:0px 16px 0px 12px}.lo{height:38px}.lp{align-items:center}.lr svg{margin-right:8px}.mc{font-size:18px}.md{margin-top:1.56em}.me{line-height:28px}.mf{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.nb{margin-top:40px}.of{font-size:20px}.og{margin-top:0.93em}.oh{line-height:24px}.oi{letter-spacing:0}.pa{margin-top:1.2em}.pf{margin-top:0.67em}.pv{margin-top:1.34em}.qq{font-size:16px}.qr{margin-top:1.23em}.rp{margin-bottom:80px}.sb{display:inline-block}.sg{padding-top:48px}.tk{margin-top:32px}.lq:hover{border-color:#E5E5E5}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 904px) and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.i{display:none}.bv{width:64px}.cf{margin:0 64px}.cu{height:48px}.db{margin-bottom:52px}.dn{margin-bottom:48px}.ed{font-size:14px}.ee{line-height:20px}.ek{font-size:13px}.el{padding:5px 12px}.fg{display:flex}.fx{margin-bottom:68px}.gb{max-width:680px}.hl{font-size:42px}.hm{margin-top:1.19em}.hn{margin-bottom:32px}.ho{line-height:52px}.hp{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hy{align-items:center}.jg{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jh{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.ji{margin:32px 0 0}.jj{padding:3px 8px}.ju> *{margin-right:24px}.jv> :last-child{margin-right:0}.mo{font-size:20px}.mp{margin-top:2.14em}.mq{line-height:32px}.mr{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.ne{margin-top:56px}.or{font-size:24px}.os{margin-top:1.25em}.ot{line-height:30px}.ou{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.pd{margin-top:1.95em}.pi{margin-top:0.94em}.py{margin-top:1.14em}.qx{margin-top:1.72em}.qy{line-height:24px}.qz{letter-spacing:0}.rs{margin-bottom:88px}.sj{padding-top:72px}.tn{margin-top:40px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 728px) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.j{display:none}.w{display:flex}.x{justify-content:space-between}.bu{width:64px}.ce{margin:0 48px}.ct{height:48px}.da{margin-bottom:52px}.dm{margin-bottom:48px}.eb{font-size:13px}.ec{line-height:20px}.ej{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fw{margin-bottom:68px}.ga{max-width:680px}.hg{font-size:42px}.hh{margin-top:1.19em}.hi{margin-bottom:32px}.hj{line-height:52px}.hk{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hx{align-items:center}.jc{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jd{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.je{margin:32px 0 0}.jf{padding:3px 8px}.js> *{margin-right:24px}.jt> :last-child{margin-right:0}.mk{font-size:20px}.ml{margin-top:2.14em}.mm{line-height:32px}.mn{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.nd{margin-top:56px}.on{font-size:24px}.oo{margin-top:1.25em}.op{line-height:30px}.oq{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.pc{margin-top:1.95em}.ph{margin-top:0.94em}.px{margin-top:1.14em}.qu{margin-top:1.72em}.qv{line-height:24px}.qw{letter-spacing:0}.rr{margin-bottom:88px}.si{padding-top:72px}.tm{margin-top:40px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 552px) and (max-width: 727.98px)">.k{display:none}.u{display:flex}.v{justify-content:space-between}.bt{width:24px}.cd{margin:0 24px}.cs{height:40px}.cz{margin-bottom:44px}.dl{margin-bottom:32px}.dz{font-size:13px}.ea{line-height:20px}.ei{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fv{margin-bottom:4px}.hb{font-size:32px}.hc{margin-top:1.01em}.hd{margin-bottom:24px}.he{line-height:38px}.hf{letter-spacing:-0.014em}.hw{align-items:flex-start}.iu{flex-direction:column}.ja{margin:24px 0 0}.jb{padding:0}.jq> *{margin-right:8px}.jr> :last-child{margin-right:8px}.ki{margin-left:0px}.ls{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.lt{border-radius:99em}.lu{padding:0px 16px 0px 12px}.lv{height:38px}.lw{align-items:center}.ly svg{margin-right:8px}.mg{font-size:18px}.mh{margin-top:1.56em}.mi{line-height:28px}.mj{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.nc{margin-top:40px}.oj{font-size:20px}.ok{margin-top:0.93em}.ol{line-height:24px}.om{letter-spacing:0}.pb{margin-top:1.2em}.pg{margin-top:0.67em}.pw{margin-top:1.34em}.qs{font-size:16px}.qt{margin-top:1.23em}.rq{margin-bottom:80px}.sh{padding-top:48px}.tl{margin-top:32px}.lx:hover{border-color:#E5E5E5}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="print">.rz{display:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="538" data-fela-type="RULE" media="(prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference)">.nh{transition:transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1)}</style></head><body><div id="root"><div class="a b c"><div class="d e f g h i j k"></div><script>document.domain = document.domain;</script><div class="l c"><div class="l m n o c"><div class="p q r s t u v w x i d y z"><a class="du ag dv bf ak b am an ao ap aq ar as at s u w i d q dw z" href="https://rsci.app.link/?%24canonical_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fp%2Ff82c1d15ed58&amp;%7Efeature=LoOpenInAppButton&amp;%7Echannel=ShowPostUnderUser&amp;source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------" rel="noopener follow">Open in app<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 10 10" class="dt"><path fill="currentColor" d="M.985 8.485a.375.375 0 1 0 .53.53zM8.75 1.25h.375A.375.375 0 0 0 8.75.875zM8.375 6.5a.375.375 0 1 0 .75 0zM3.5.875a.375.375 0 1 0 0 .75zm-1.985 8.14 7.5-7.5-.53-.53-7.5 7.5zm6.86-7.765V6.5h.75V1.25zM3.5 1.625h5.25v-.75H3.5z"></path></svg></a><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><button class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav-----------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="p q r ab ac"><div class="ab q ae"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab" aria-label="Homepage" data-testid="headerMediumLogo" rel="noopener follow" href="/?source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="719" height="160" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 719 160" class="au av aw"><path fill="#242424" d="m174.104 9.734.215-.047V8.02H130.39L89.6 103.89 48.81 8.021H1.472v1.666l.212.047c8.018 1.81 12.09 4.509 12.09 14.242V137.93c0 9.734-4.087 12.433-12.106 14.243l-.212.047v1.671h32.118v-1.665l-.213-.048c-8.018-1.809-12.089-4.509-12.089-14.242V30.586l52.399 123.305h2.972l53.925-126.743V140.75c-.687 7.688-4.721 10.062-11.982 11.701l-.215.05v1.652h55.948v-1.652l-.215-.05c-7.269-1.639-11.4-4.013-12.087-11.701l-.037-116.774h.037c0-9.733 4.071-12.432 12.087-14.242m25.555 75.488c.915-20.474 8.268-35.252 20.606-35.507 3.806.063 6.998 1.312 9.479 3.714 5.272 5.118 7.751 15.812 7.368 31.793zm-.553 5.77h65.573v-.275c-.186-15.656-4.721-27.834-13.466-36.196-7.559-7.227-18.751-11.203-30.507-11.203h-.263c-6.101 0-13.584 1.48-18.909 4.16-6.061 2.807-11.407 7.003-15.855 12.511-7.161 8.874-11.499 20.866-12.554 34.343q-.05.606-.092 1.212a50 50 0 0 0-.065 1.151 85.807 85.807 0 0 0-.094 5.689c.71 30.524 17.198 54.917 46.483 54.917 25.705 0 40.675-18.791 44.407-44.013l-1.886-.664c-6.557 13.556-18.334 21.771-31.738 20.769-18.297-1.369-32.314-19.922-31.042-42.395m139.722 41.359c-2.151 5.101-6.639 7.908-12.653 7.908s-11.513-4.129-15.418-11.63c-4.197-8.053-6.405-19.436-6.405-32.92 0-28.067 8.729-46.22 22.24-46.22 5.657 0 10.111 2.807 12.236 7.704zm43.499 20.008c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V1.309l-48.716 14.353v1.757l.299-.024c6.72-.543 11.278.386 13.925 2.83 2.072 1.915 3.082 4.853 3.082 8.987v18.66c-4.803-3.067-10.516-4.56-17.448-4.56-14.059 0-26.909 5.92-36.176 16.672-9.66 11.205-14.767 26.518-14.767 44.278-.003 31.72 15.612 53.039 38.851 53.039 13.595 0 24.533-7.449 29.54-20.013v16.865h43.711v-1.746zM424.1 19.819c0-9.904-7.468-17.374-17.375-17.374-9.859 0-17.573 7.632-17.573 17.374s7.721 17.374 17.573 17.374c9.907 0 17.375-7.47 17.375-17.374m11.499 132.546c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951h-.035V43.635l-43.714 12.551v1.705l.263.024c9.458.842 12.047 4.1 12.047 15.152v81.086h43.751v-1.746zm112.013 0c-8.018-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V43.635l-41.621 12.137v1.71l.246.026c7.733.813 9.967 4.257 9.967 15.36v59.279c-2.578 5.102-7.415 8.131-13.274 8.336-9.503 0-14.736-6.419-14.736-18.073V43.638l-43.714 12.55v1.703l.262.024c9.459.84 12.05 4.097 12.05 15.152v50.17a56.3 56.3 0 0 0 .91 10.444l.787 3.423c3.701 13.262 13.398 20.197 28.59 20.197 12.868 0 24.147-7.966 29.115-20.43v17.311h43.714v-1.747zm169.818 1.788v-1.749l-.213-.05c-8.7-2.006-12.089-5.789-12.089-13.49v-63.79c0-19.89-11.171-31.761-29.883-31.761-13.64 0-25.141 7.882-29.569 20.16-3.517-13.01-13.639-20.16-28.606-20.16-13.146 0-23.449 6.938-27.869 18.657V43.643L545.487 55.68v1.715l.263.024c9.345.829 12.047 4.181 12.047 14.95v81.784h40.787v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.941-1.631-9.181-4.606-9.181-12.239V66.998c1.836-4.289 5.537-9.37 12.853-9.37 9.086 0 13.692 6.296 13.692 18.697v77.828h40.797v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.94-1.631-9.18-4.606-9.18-12.239V75.066a42 42 0 0 0-.578-7.26c1.947-4.661 5.86-10.177 13.475-10.177 9.214 0 13.691 6.114 13.691 18.696v77.828z"></path></svg></a><div class="ax h"><div class="ab ay az ba bb q bc bd"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="searchResults" aria-labelledby="searchResults"></div><div class="bn bo ab"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div><input role="combobox" aria-controls="searchResults" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="search" data-testid="headerSearchInput" tabindex="0" class="ay be bf bg z bh bi bj bk bl" placeholder="Search" value=""/></div></div></div><div class="h k w fg fh"><div class="fi ab"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerWriteButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fnew-story&amp;source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------new_post_topnav-----------"><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Write"><path fill="currentColor" d="M14 4a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1zm7 6a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0zm-7-7H4v1h10zM3 4v16h1V4zm1 17h16v-1H4zm17-1V10h-1v10zm-1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1-1h-1zM3 20a1 1 0 0 0 1 1v-1zM4 3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1h1z"></path><path stroke="currentColor" d="m17.5 4.5-8.458 8.458a.25.25 0 0 0-.06.098l-.824 2.47a.25.25 0 0 0 .316.316l2.47-.823a.25.25 0 0 0 .098-.06L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2.323-2.323a.25.25 0 0 1 .354 0l1.646 1.646a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2 2"></path></svg><div class="dt l">Write</div></div></a></span></div></div><div class="k j i d"><div class="fi ab"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSearchButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/search?source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Search"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></a></div></div><div class="fi h k j"><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><button class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav-----------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ay fn am ab q ao fo fp fq" aria-label="user options menu" data-testid="headerUserIcon"><div class="l fj"><img alt="" class="l fd by bz ca cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png" width="32" height="32" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/><div class="fr by l bz ca fs n ay ft"></div></div></button></div></div></div><div class="l"><div class="fu fv fw fx fy l"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"></div></div><article><div class="l"><div class="l"><span class="l"></span><section><div><div class="fs gi gj gk gl gm"></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div><h1 id="4be3" class="pw-post-title gs gt gu bf gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu bk" data-testid="storyTitle">Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR.</h1><div><div class="speechify-ignore ab cp"><div class="speechify-ignore bh l"><div class="hv hw hx hy hz ab"><div><div class="ab ia"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a rel="noopener follow" href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---byline--f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="l ib ic by id ie"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Dragonfeu" class="l fd by dd de cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/1*60DUNHT6Ctkb28GK-A_ymg.jpeg" width="44" height="44" loading="lazy" data-testid="authorPhoto"/><div class="if by l dd de fs n ig ft"></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="bn bh l"><div class="ab"><div style="flex:1"><span class="bf b bg z bk"><div class="ih ab q"><div class="ab q ii"><div class="ab q"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><p class="bf b ij ik bk"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar il" data-testid="authorName" rel="noopener follow" href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---byline--f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------">Dragonfeu</a></p></div></div></div><span class="im in" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><p class="bf b ij ik du"><span><a class="io ip ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar ex iq ir" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fsubscribe%2Fuser%2F7398e98dfa8&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;user=Dragonfeu&amp;userId=7398e98dfa8&amp;source=post_page-7398e98dfa8--byline--f82c1d15ed58---------------------post_header-----------">Follow</a></span></p></div></div></span></div></div><div class="l is"><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab cn it iu iv"><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab ae"><span data-testid="storyReadTime">15 min read</span><div class="iw ix l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div><span data-testid="storyPublishDate">Sep 8, 2024</span></div></span></div></span></div></div></div><div class="ab cp iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn"><div class="h k w fg fh q"><div class="kd l"><div class="ab q ke kf"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj kg kh ki kj"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fp%2Ff82c1d15ed58&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%25C3%25A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%25C5%2593ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;user=Dragonfeu&amp;userId=7398e98dfa8&amp;source=---header_actions--f82c1d15ed58---------------------clap_footer-----------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="kk ao kl km kn ko am kp kq kr kj"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l ks kt ku kv kw kx ky"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="kz">--</span></p></div></div></div><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ao kk la lb ab q fk lc ld" aria-label="responses"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="le"><path d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><div class="ab q jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc"><div class="lf k j i d"></div><div class="h k"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerBookmarkButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Ff82c1d15ed58&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%25C3%25A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%25C5%2593ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;source=---header_actions--f82c1d15ed58---------------------bookmark_footer-----------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="du lg" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al lh an ao ap ex li lj ld lk ll lm ln lo s lp lq lr ls lt lu lv u lw lx ly"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="aefd" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (<em class="mx">nota: article écrit en septembre 2024</em>). Autrement dit la réaction en chaîne a été, et pour la première fois dans son cœur, auto-entretenue, permettant un équilibre neutronique.</p><p id="4685" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Ce fameux EPR présente de grandes avancées en sûreté nucléaire, toujours afin de limiter les rejets dans l’environnement en cas d’accident. Alors aujourd’hui, l’accident grave! <strong class="mb gv">On va parler de <em class="mx">corium</em>, de récupérateur à corium (<em class="mx">core catcher</em>), de stratégie de mitigation et de codes de calcul.</strong> Ce que je souhaite faire avec cet article c’est vous expliquer en premier lieu la physique d’une fusion du cœur et ensuite la modélisation qui y est associée.</p><p id="09e4" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">Mais alors, comment les ingénieurs en sûreté nucléaire ont-ils réussi à gérer une substance bien pire que la lave ?</strong> Le corium, un magma à faire pâlir Hadès, autochauffant, ultra corrosif, à très haute température, ne laissant aucune chance à la plupart des matériaux qu’il rencontre. Possiblement la pire substance artificielle jamais fabriquée sur cette Terre (avec les agents neurotoxiques)…</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz na"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="348" loading="eager" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">La lave est une substance similaire au corium sur beaucoup d’aspects, mais le corium est… encore pire.</figcaption></figure><p id="3a12" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Les réacteurs de génération III, comme l’EPR (ou l’EPR2), prennent en compte la gestion des accidents graves dès la conception. Je vais donc vous expliquer comment la stratégie de mitigation des accidents graves est conçue sur le réacteur EPR (notez que ce sera vraisemblablement la même sur EPR2, qui est une optimisation de l’EPR).</p><p id="0530" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">L’accident grave de référence sur un réacteur à eau, est la fusion du cœur. Un évènement (une brèche par exemple), a pour conséquence directe un combustible qui n’est plus sous eau, donc plus refroidit, et il commence à chauffer, jusqu’à fondre. C’est ce qui s’est passé à <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/savoir-comprendre/crise/accident-fukushima-daiichi-japon-2011" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="mx">Fukushima</em></a><em class="mx"> </em>et <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/savoir-comprendre/surete/deroulement-laccident-0" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="mx">Three Miles Island</em></a><em class="mx"> </em>(fusion partielle), occasionnant des rejets dans l’environnement.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz ns"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:980/format:webp/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 980w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 490px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:980/0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg 980w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 490px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="490" height="490" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">EPR de Flamanville. Crédit: <a class="af nr" href="https://www.framatome.com/fr/clients/nucleaire/flamanville-3/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Framatome</a></figcaption></figure><p id="b107" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Avant de commencer, un rappel sur les trois barrières de confinement. Dans la suite de l’article, la 1ère et la 2ème barrière vont céder, et l’objectif sera de préserver la troisième, afin d’éviter des rejets à l’extérieur.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz nt"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1384/format:webp/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 1384w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 692px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1384/0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX 1384w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 692px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="692" height="469" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Crédit: <a class="af nr" href="https://www.cli-gravelines.fr/la-centrale-de-gravelines/presentation-de-la-centrale/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">EDF</a></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="ab cb nu nv nw nx" role="separator"><span class="ny by bm nz oa ob"></span><span class="ny by bm nz oa ob"></span><span class="ny by bm nz oa"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><h1 id="c968" class="oc od gu bf oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz bk">I/ Phénoménologie d’un accident grave sur EPR</h1><h1 id="525c" class="oc od gu bf oe of pa oh oi oj pb ol om on pc op oq or pd ot ou ov pe ox oy oz bk">I.1/ Dégradation du cœur</h1><p id="b845" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">Le soleil se lève sur le site de Flamanville. <em class="mx">Le vent souffle sur les plaines de la Bretag</em>.. euh de la Normandie. Le réacteur EPR de Flamanville est à pleine puissance (1600MWe, ça envoie). Une bien belle journée. Et là, une énorme brèche sur le circuit primaire! On appelle ça un APRP (<em class="mx">Accident de Perte du Réfrigérant Primaire</em>). Rien ne marche, ni refroidissement, ni électricité, le primaire se vide inexorablement. Il y a de moins en moins d’eau autour des crayons combustible, cf. (2) du schéma ci-dessous. Les gaines du combustible commencent à s’oxyder. C’est très exothermique, donc le combustible chauffe fort (oxydation zirconium + hafnium principalement), on produit de la vapeur d’eau et du dihydrogène. Le combustible et sa gaine fondent, alors que le niveau d’eau continue à baisser. Cette mixture infernale, au-delà des 2400°C, contenant le combustible, la gaine, l’acier des structures et autres joyeusetés, est appelée un <strong class="mb gv"><em class="mx">corium</em></strong>.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz pk"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="359" loading="eager" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Conditions initiales [1], cœur dénoyé partiellement [2], cœur dénoyé fusion en cours [3]. Crédit: IRSN</figcaption></figure><p id="7189" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Bon, je vais aller vite. Maintenant le cœur a fondu intégralement et il est dans le fond de cuve. Commence alors une série de phénomènes dans le corium qui vont venir attaquer l’acier de la cuve (pour les curieux, la cuve est en acier 16MND5, un acier de compétition, merci le RCC-M). La brèche a mis de l’eau dans l’enceinte et on a produit du dihydrogène pendant l’accident.</p><p id="189d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Maintenant on va se donner <strong class="mb gv">trois contraintes supplémentaires, pour préserver l’enceinte de confinement,</strong> et garder toutes les saletés à l’intérieur, parce qu’on ne veut pas de rejets atmosphériques !</p><ol class=""><li id="6f56" class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw pl pm pn bk"><strong class="mb gv">On veut contrôler l’échauffement dans l’enceinte.</strong></li></ol><p id="ddb7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Pour ne pas chauffer l’enceinte il y a deux choses. Déjà, on ne veut pas que la cuve perce à haute pression, sinon le corium est étalé façon spray (sans rire), et vient attaquer l’enceinte. Et pour éviter une percée de la cuve à haute pression (supérieure à 15 bar), il faut dépressuriser la cuve, avec une soupape ultime (comme sur votre cocotte minute). Vous constaterez que la vanne dédiée à la gestion en AG est redondée, ce qui permet de diminuer la probabilité de défaillance de cette ligne de dépressurisation.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz po"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:936/format:webp/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 936w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 468px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:936/1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png 936w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 468px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="468" height="325" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Crédit: IRSN</figcaption></figure><p id="2374" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Ensuite il faut contrôler la puissance thermique dans l’enceinte, c’est le système EVU (Evacuation Ultime de la puissance dans l’enceinte). Cela consiste simplement à asperger de l’eau froide à l’intérieur de l’enceinte. Une douche pour réacteur nucléaire. Cela sert aussi à faire retomber les radionucléides volatils dans l’enceinte.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz pp"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="426" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Crédit: EDF</figcaption></figure><p id="aeba" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">2. On ne veut pas d’explosion hydrogène (type Fukushima) dans l’enceinte.</strong></p><p id="055f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Dans l’enceinte il y a de l’air, de la vapeur d’eau, et maintenant de l’H2. Pour éviter l’explosion hydrogène, il faut consommer l’H2, afin de sortir des zones colorées du diagramme de Saphiro (ci-dessous). C’est le principe des recombineurs autocatalytiques passifs à hydrogène, qui comme leur nom l’indique, n’ont pas besoin d’électricité pour fonctionner.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz pq"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:906/format:webp/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 906w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 453px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:906/1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png 906w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 453px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="453" height="349" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Recombineur autocatalytique passif à dihydrogène.</figcaption></figure><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz pr"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:746/format:webp/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 746w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 373px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:746/1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png 746w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 373px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="373" height="327" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Diagramme de Saphiro</figcaption></figure><p id="2d14" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">3. On ne veut pas d’explosion de vapeur dans l’enceinte.</strong></p><p id="3085" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">L’eau liquide dans l’enceinte ne doit pas toucher le corium, sous peine d’une explosion de vapeur. Pour ça, c’est simple il faut séparer les deux.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz ps"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:952/format:webp/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 952w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 476px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:952/1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png 952w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 476px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="476" height="373" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Séparation de l’eau et du core catcher.</figcaption></figure><p id="094e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">Maintenant qu’on a nos systèmes pour protéger l’enceinte, il est temps de péter la cuve. </strong>Je ne vais pas détailler les phénomènes favorables qui permettent de maintenir la tenue mécanique de la cuve. On postule que sous l’effet des contraintes mécaniques (déformation) et des flux thermiques du corium (fluage), la cuve finit par se briser. Je dis « on postule » car ce n’est pas systématiquement l’approche retenue.</p><p id="72e0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Il y a plusieurs configurations possibles du corium en fond de cuve. Ce qu’on observe est une stratification du corium entre la couche d’oxyde et celle de métal léger. L’intuition amène à penser que la haute température du corium vient ablater la cuve. Cela est vrai au-delà de 2700°C, mais en dessous une croûte se forme en paroi, limitant les échanges thermiques. En revanche, la couche de métal léger très chaude reçoit de l’énergie de la couche d’oxyde, et transmet l’énergie à la face interne de la cuve, sur une faible surface relative “<em class="mx">focusing effect”</em>. Elle est, d’après les expériences, la couche responsable de la rupture de la cuve.</p><p id="0a04" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Je précise que c’est l’approche pénalisante retenue, la façon dont cela arrive nous intéresse assez peu ici car on part du principe que la cuve va rompre. L’étude des corium comporte son lot d’incertitudes et les expériences représentatives sont complexes à réaliser.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz pt"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1272/format:webp/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 1272w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 636px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1272/1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png 1272w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 636px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="636" height="361" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Stratification du corium en fond de cuve possible.</figcaption></figure><p id="2d25" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">D’autres pays estiment qu’ils peuvent maintenir le corium dans la cuve. On ne distingue finalement que deux approches :</p><ul class=""><li id="0ff4" class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">Rétention du corium en cuve (<em class="mx">In Vessel Retention</em>, IVR) associé à des moyens de réfrigération externe de la cuve (type <em class="mx">External Reactor Vessel Cooling</em>, ERVC). Retenue sur AP1000 et APR1400.</li><li id="9763" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">Rétention du corium hors cuve. <strong class="mb gv">Retenue sur EPR/EPR2</strong>, et les VVER-1200 récents.</li></ul><h1 id="1138" class="oc od gu bf oe of pa oh oi oj pb ol om on pc op oq or pd ot ou ov pe ox oy oz bk">I.2/ L’interaction corium béton</h1><p id="f1f0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">On a désormais notre corium chaud qui tombe dans le fond du bâtiment réacteur. On arrive bientôt au <em class="mx">core catcher</em>, patience !</p><p id="0834" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Une fois tombé, il arrive sur un béton dit « sacrificiel ». Ce béton a vocation à être abalté par le corium pour modifier les propriétés physico-chimiques du corium. Durant cette phase, le corium érode ce béton sur environ 50 cm d’épaisseur avant de couler dans le canal de décharge qui relie le puits de cuve à « la chambre d’étalement ». Les mouvements convectifs au sein du corium mélangent le béton et le corium, le rendant plus fluide, plus homogène et moins visqueux afin de faciliter son écoulement par la suite. Si plusieurs coulées successives de corium surviennent, elles convergent toutes dans ce béton de manière à obtenir un corium homogène et un seul écoulement vers la chambre d’étalement. On appelle ça l’interation corium béton (ICB).</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz qa"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="434" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Crédit: IRSN</figcaption></figure><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng"><div class="qb qc l fj"><div class="qd qe l"></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">ICB.</figcaption></figure><p id="129c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Une fois que le corium a ablaté sur toute une épaisseur, il faut maintenir la structure de l’enceinte en état, et on installe donc sous cette couche de béton sacrificiel des matériaux réfractaires (qui résistent à des très hautes températures avec une faible déformation relative). Cette couche est appelée la zircone (ZETTRAL-95GR), et mesure de 10 à 14 cm d’épaisseur.</p><p id="d8fe" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Une fois que le béton est ablaté complètement dans le sens vertical, le corium arrive sur un bouchon de métal, c’est un composant dont le rôle est celui d’un fusible. Il est la dernière étape avant le canal de décharge. Ce fusible est conçu pour se rompre relativement rapidement au contact du corium en assurant une section de passage suffisamment large pour permettre une coulée rapide de la totalité du corium vers la chambre d’étalement.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz qf"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="551" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Schéma complet du core catcher. Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="3fc1" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">La composition chimique du béton est très importante</strong> car l’ablation va générer des gaz incondensables qui peuvent faire monter la pression dans l’enceinte. C’est le cas du CO2 issu de la calcination du calcaire, par exemple. Ainsi sur EPR, la <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/savoir-comprendre/surete/6-ans-apres-laccident-suivi-regulier-modifications-programme-experimental#:~:text=la%20proc%C3%A9dure%20U5%2C%20qui%20a,proc%C3%A9dant%20%C3%A0%20des%20rejets%20filtr%C3%A9s." rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">procédure U5</a> a été abandonnée grâce à une fiabilisation de l’ICB. Sur le parc, cette procédure permet de dépressuriser l’enceinte en expulsant à l’atmosphère une partie des gaz préalablement nettoyés dans un filtre sable.</p><p id="cd2f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Note: En principe, les chargements mécaniques de l’enceinte sont limités par conception. Mais il est possible qu’il y ait des rejets très minimes malgré tout sur EPR.</p><h1 id="bb08" class="oc od gu bf oe of pa oh oi oj pb ol om on pc op oq or pd ot ou ov pe ox oy oz bk">I.3/ Interaction corium zircone</h1><p id="7757" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">Cette partie sera assez simple, puisque l’objectif est de faire interagir le moins longtemps possible le corium avec la zircone. La zircone est ce qu’on appelle un <a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riau_r%C3%A9fractaire" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="mb gv">matériau réfractaire</strong></a><strong class="mb gv"> à la chaleur</strong>. C’est-à-dire qu’il ne fond pas, et se déforme relativement peu, même à des hautes températures (inférieures à environ 1700°C, tout dépend du matériau).</p><p id="9561" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Une fois que le bouchon fusible a rompu, il faut emmener le corium jusque dans la chambre d’étalement <strong class="mb gv">le plus vite possible</strong>. A noter, la zircone a une forte inertie thermique, ce qui nous arrange pour ne pas dégrader outre mesure le bâtiment réacteur par contact prolongé, même si ce n’est pas censé arriver (toujours prendre des marges). Ainsi, une conduite entièrement tapissé en briques de zircone remplit ce rôle d’évacuation rapide du corium. C’est un tuyau d’évacuation pour corium.</p><h1 id="1a82" class="oc od gu bf oe of pa oh oi oj pb ol om on pc op oq or pd ot ou ov pe ox oy oz bk">I.4/ Corium dans la chambre d’étalement</h1><p id="0346" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">Cette étape, la dernière, consiste à neutraliser le corium une bonne fois pour toute.</p><ul class=""><li id="e0d5" class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">une géométrie empêchant le retour en criticité (déjà rendu complexe par la dilution dans le béton sacrificiel),</li><li id="5ce1" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">un système pour refroidir le corium par-dessous et par-dessus.</li></ul><p id="2ba6" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Le corium arrive dans la chambre d’étalement qui a une surface d’environ 170 m2. Le corium chaud, en coulant dans la conduite d’évacuation va couper un fil, ce qui déclenche l’ouverture d’une trappe ouvrant une arrivée d’eau gravitaire d’eau provenant du réservoir IRWST (<em class="mx">In containment Refueling Water System Tank</em>). Ce système est intégralement passif, ni électricité, ni intervention humaine nécessaire. Cette eau commence par remplir les canaux horizontaux situés sous la chambre d’étalement. Les éléments du plancher contiennent des canaux de refroidissement horizontaux de sections rectangulaires. L’intérieur de la chambre d’étalement est recouvert d’une couche de béton sacrificiel qui a la même fonction que le béton du puits de cuve, mais cette fois-ci il sert aussi à protéger temporairement la couche protectrice.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz qg"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1036/format:webp/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 1036w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 518px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1036/1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png 1036w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 518px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="518" height="592" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Chambre d’étalement. Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="19af" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Le corium va s’étaler dans cette chambre. C’est de la physique complexe (que je ne vais pas détailler ici). Cet étalement est piloté par la compétition entre les forces hydrodynamiques et les changements de viscosité du corium (rhéologie) dus à son refroidissement. La géométrie de cette chambre d’étalement est conçue pour optimiser l’étalement, et ainsi limiter l’épaisseur du corium, le rendant sous-critique et le préparant au renoyage en surface par-dessus.</p><p id="12cc" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">L’eau, froide donc, arrivant gravitairement de l’IRWST, vient noyer le corium très chaud, donc il y a création de vapeur (beaucoup de vapeur) sur les premiers instants du noyage. Cette vapeur est recondensée par le système EVU (la Force d’Action Rapide Nucléaire -FARN- est capable d’alimenter ce circuit depuis qu’elle est prévenue de l’accident grave).</p><p id="ad7e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Une fois que la croûte se forme en surface du corium, il y a une vaporisation très limitée, et une fois le niveau d’eau atteint suffisant, le corium est définitivement stabilisé.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz qh"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="546" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Schéma d’un angle de la chambre d’étalement du corium. Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="d264" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Pour conclure cette partie, une vidéo de présentation du <em class="mx">core catcher </em>de l’EPR de Flamanville.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng"><div class="qb qc l fj"><div class="qi qe l"></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Présentation de la construction du <em class="qj">core catcher </em>par EDF.</figcaption></figure><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz qk"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="467" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Chambre d’étalement terminée sur l’EPR FA3. Crédit: <a class="af nr" href="https://x.com/EDFEPR/status/1488165234510602245" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">EDF-EPR sur X</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="ab cb nu nv nw nx" role="separator"><span class="ny by bm nz oa ob"></span><span class="ny by bm nz oa ob"></span><span class="ny by bm nz oa"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><h1 id="bc37" class="oc od gu bf oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz bk"><strong class="al">II/ Modélisation d’un accident grave</strong></h1><p id="28e3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">On ne peut pas faire une expérience avec les mêmes conditions qu’un réacteur nucléaire, pour des raisons économiques, techniques et réglementaires. Alors on simule ça dans des codes de calcul. Un code de calcul ce sont des choix de modélisations, des incertitudes et donc <strong class="mb gv">ça se valide</strong>, sinon ça ne vaut pas grand-chose.</p><p id="91d6" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Et ça se valide avec des expériences ! Les ingénieurs ne sont pas toujours derrière un ordinateur, l’approche empirique est <strong class="mb gv">indispensable </strong>! Mais tu viens de dire qu’on ne faisait pas d’expériences réalistes ? Et oui, car on étudie chaque phase d’un accident grave <strong class="mb gv">séparément</strong>. Voyez ça comme des images qu’on imbrique entre elles. A la fin, l’ensemble des images forment un film, qui modélise un accident grave intégralement, ce qui permet <em class="mx">in fine</em> de contourner l’obstacle que représente l’impossibilité d’une expérience réaliste. Et comment on réalise ce film ? Avec un code de calcul intégral !</p><p id="c83b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">Présentation d’ASTEC</strong></p><p id="dd76" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">ASTEC, pour <em class="mx">Accident Source Term Evaluation Code</em>, est développé par l’<em class="mx">Institut de Radioprotection de de Sûreté Nucléaire,</em> l’IRSN. C’est un code dit « intégral» c’est-à-dire qu’il simule toutes les étapes d’un accident grave. Cela comprend:</p><ul class=""><li id="c24e" class="lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">La thermohydraulique du circuit : module CESAR, proche du code de référence en thermohydraulique <a class="af nr" href="https://cathare.cea.fr/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">CATHARE</a>, développé par le <em class="mx">Comissarait à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives</em> (CEA) ;</li><li id="6c41" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">La dégradation du cœur : module ICARE ;</li><li id="ed76" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">L’interaction corium béton : module MEDICIS ;</li><li id="280c" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">La chimie, la physique, le transport des gaz, aérosols et des produits de fission dans l’enceinte : modules SOPHAEROS, ISODOP, COVI ;</li><li id="7ec6" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">Les systèmes de sureté : module SYSINT ;</li><li id="bd24" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">La thermohydraulique de l’enceinte : module CPA ;</li><li id="7b1d" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">Le comportement des produits de fission : module ELSA ;</li><li id="98e2" class="lz ma gu mb b mc pv me mf mg pw mi mj mk px mm mn mo py mq mr ms pz mu mv mw pu pm pn bk">L’évaluation des doses : module DOSE.</li></ul><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz ql"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="588" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Les différents modules d’ASTEC. Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="5d22" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Vous trouverez plus d’infos sur : <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/recherche/systeme-logiciels-astec" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.irsn.fr/recherche/systeme-logiciels-astec</a>. Voici également une courte présentation vidéo du code ASTEC, qui est désormais<strong class="mb gv"> un code de référence en Europe sur les accidents graves des REP.</strong></p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng"><div class="qb qc l fj"><div class="qi qe l"></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du"><strong class="al">Présentation vidéo d’ASTEC</strong></figcaption></figure><p id="f76f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Un code intégral doit répondre aux exigences suivantes :</p><p id="2fcc" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">- Calculer de façon exhaustive les phénomènes physiques intervenant lors d’un accident de fusion du cœur, en maintenant un compromis temps de calcul/précision ;</p><p id="ea07" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">- simuler le comportement des principaux systèmes de sûreté du réacteur, afin de se placer dans des conditions similaires à celles d’un réacteur en accidentel, et tester différents scénarios de disponibilités des systèmes ;</p><p id="0b4e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">- traiter complètement les couplages entre phénomènes, par exemple le refroidissement du corium dans le puits de cuve, en cours d’interaction corium-béton, par rayonnement et par convection dans l’enceinte de confinement ;</p><p id="cf03" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">- être découpé en module indépendant, pour faciliter notamment les comparaisons avec des résultats expérimentaux et ainsi valider les modules ;</p><p id="bd91" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">- Etre rapide malgré sa grande taille (de 400 000 à 500 000 instructions et 1 000 à 1 500 sous-programmes). C’est très important qu’il puisse pouvoir calculer plus vite que le temps réel, afin de tester un grand nombre de scénarios.</p><p id="061b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">Fonctionnement d’ASTEC</strong></p><p id="d7b7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Pour expliquer (très) rapidement, le logiciel ASTEC a besoin de données d’entrée, c’est-à-dire les géométries, les matériaux et les conditions physico-chimiques initiales de l’ensemble du réacteur. Ces données sont fournies par l’ingénieur d’étude en accident grave.</p><p id="1c06" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">A chaque pas de temps, ASTEC calcule l’évolution des paramètres physiques et chimiques. Dans un code intégral, il y a une articulation de tous les modules, avec un ordre d’exécution. On peut activer ou désactiver certains, selon le besoin, sachant que le nombre de modules impliqués augmente le temps de calcul !</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz qm"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1058/format:webp/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 1058w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 529px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1058/1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png 1058w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 529px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="529" height="788" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Comment fonctionne ASTEC à chaque pas de temps du calcul. Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="bb34" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><em class="mx">In fine, c</em>e qui intéresse l’ingénieur en sûreté nucléaire, ce sont les post-traitements des variables suivies ! Ci-dessous, un exemple de visualisation du cœur d’un REP-900MWe d’EDF. Ce que vous voyez est un post-traitement selon le temps des champs de température. Ce qu’il se passe dans cette séquence est une dégradation du cœur, vous voyez le niveau d’eau baisser progressivement jusqu’à être remplacé par le corium en fond de cuve. Vous constaterez que sur la 3ème image, la cuve a cassé au niveau de la couche de métal léger, à cause du <em class="mx">focusing effect </em>expliqué en partie I !</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz pk"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="249" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="7b7c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk"><strong class="mb gv">Validation d’ASTEC</strong></p><p id="4117" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Comme expliqué plus tôt, un code est une tentative de représentation du réel, il est donc nécessaire de le valider par comparaison avec... et bien le réel. Notez qu’on peut aussi valider un code en le comparant à des codes déjà validés. Par exemple le module thermohydraulique d’ASTEC, CESAR, est validé par comparaison avec le logiciel de référence <a class="af nr" href="https://cadarache.cea.fr/cad/Documents/Entreprises/Valorisation/Rencontres-CEA-Industrie/11eme/42-FM-f-CATHARE%20V%2006%2011%2017.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">CATHARE</a>. Je ne vais pas m’attarder dessus.</p><p id="6880" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Le principe d’une validation empirique c’est de faire une expérience, de la modéliser dans le code de calcul le plus fidèlement possible, et de comparer les résultats issus des observations et des capteurs avec la simulation numérique. On constate souvent des écarts, l’objectif c’est de les réduire le plus possible tout en étant capable de dire pourquoi il y a des écarts et combien ils valent. ASTEC (en V2) est validé par un panel d’expériences assez immense, depuis 1990 et sans arrêt depuis. Cette validation s’appuie sur plus de 160 essais dans le monde entier, en particulier sur les essais Phébus, cf. <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/savoir-comprendre/surete/programme-recherche-phebus-pf-0" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.irsn.fr/savoir-comprendre/surete/programme-recherche-phebus-pf-0</a>.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz qn"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1270/format:webp/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 1270w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 635px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1270/1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png 1270w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 635px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="635" height="399" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Exemple de comparaison.</figcaption></figure><p id="7df3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Les essais Phébus constituent une grande base de validation des modules <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/sites/default/files/documents/larecherche/outils-scientifiques/codes-de-calcul/icare.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">CESAR &amp; ICARE</a> (thermohydraulique et dynamique de dégradation) et <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/page/fission-product-transport-modelling-astec-integral-code-sophaeros-module" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">SOPHAEROS</a> (comportement des produits de fission).</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz qo"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="878" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Liste des essais Phébus.</figcaption></figure><p id="58c7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Il y a eu plein d’autres validations et l’objectif n’est pas de toutes les lister. Vous trouverez une liste des expériences menées sur ce lien: <a class="af nr" href="https://www.irsn.fr/recherche/systeme-logiciels-astec#validation" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.irsn.fr/recherche/systeme-logiciels-astec#validation</a></p><h2 id="cfc3" class="qp od gu bf oe qq qr dy oi qs qt ea om mk qu qv qw mo qx qy qz ms ra rb rc rd bk"><strong class="al">Autre code utilisé en accident grave</strong></h2><p id="f614" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">ASTEC ne modélise pas la phase finale dans la chambre d’étalement de l’EPR. Pour cela, des programmes spécifiques ont été menés à l’international, avec des expériences passionnantes. L’objectif étant d’avoir une compréhension fine du phénomène d’étalement du corium, de son refroidissement, puis de son noyage. Les logiciels français sont respectivement THEMA (code CEA) qui calcule la cinétique de solidification du corium (en masse et en croûtes) ainsi que l’érosion du substrat. Et CROCO (code IRSN) qui permet une modélisation détaillée de la convection dans l’écoulement. Un grand nombre d’essais ont été menés, le plus impressionnant étant l’essai VULCANO, comme montré ci-dessous.</p><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nh ni fj nj bh nk"><div class="my mz pk"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="700" height="404" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="nn ff no my mz np nq bf b bg z du">Crédit: IRSN.</figcaption></figure><p id="363b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Il est ressorti de l’ensemble de ces programmes de R&amp;D que l’étalement à sec du corium de REP permet son refroidissement ultérieur car l’épaisseur de corium atteinte est suffisamment faible. Ainsi, l’approche retenue sur EPR est validée expérimentalement. Des incertitudes subsistent sur la capacité d’une nappe de corium à s’étaler sous eau, c’est pour cela que l’EPR fait le choix d’étaler le corium à sec en séparant physiquement eau et corium.</p><h1 id="5b4d" class="oc od gu bf oe of pa oh oi oj pb ol om on pc op oq or pd ot ou ov pe ox oy oz bk">Conclusion</h1><p id="4a14" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc pf me mf mg pg mi mj mk ph mm mn mo pi mq mr ms pj mu mv mw gn bk">Voilà comment on gère un accident grave sur l’EPR. J’ai volontairement éclipsé beaucoup de sujets sur le comportent des produits de fissions dans l’enceinte, sur les différentes possibilités de stratification du corium. J’ai aussi fait le choix de focaliser sur l’EPR alors qu’il existe aussi d’autres stratégies sur les autres réacteurs du parc de génération II (Les CP, P4/P’4 et N4). J’ai également restreint aux REP français, sans analyser les autres stratégies équivalentes sur <a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_VVER" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">VVER</a>, <a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_AP1000" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">AP1000</a>, ou <a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/APR-1400" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">APR1400</a>. Je n’ai pas non plus parlé des filières à eau lourde (<a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_CANDU" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">CANDU</a>), bouillantes (<a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_%C3%A0_eau_bouillante" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">BWR</a>, <a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_ABWR" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">ABWR</a>), rapides (<a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">SPX</a>) ou encore des filières thermiques (HTR &amp; <a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_nucl%C3%A9aire_%C3%A0_tr%C3%A8s_haute_temp%C3%A9rature" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">VHTR</a>) et à sels fondus (<a class="af nr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9acteur_nucl%C3%A9aire_%C3%A0_sels_fondus" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">MSFR</a>). Chaque technologie, présente une stratégie adaptée. <strong class="mb gv">Tous les futurs réacteurs devront quoiqu’il en soit prendre en compte les accidents graves en compte</strong>.</p><p id="870a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph lz ma gu mb b mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw gn bk">Je vous donne mes sources sur <a class="af nr" href="https://we.tl/t-Ubd7Pil4Np" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">ce lien</a> (attention il n’est valable que 7 jours). Tout est public et trouvable sur le site de l’ASN et/ou de l’IRSN.</p><h1 id="debb" class="oc od gu bf oe of pa oh oi oj pb ol om on pc op oq or pd ot ou ov pe ox oy oz bk"><strong class="al">Annexe</strong></h1><figure class="nb nc nd ne nf ng my mz paragraph-image"><div class="my mz re"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1258/format:webp/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 1258w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 629px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1258/1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png 1258w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 629px"/><img alt="" class="bh nl nm c" width="629" height="430" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></figure></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="rf rg ab iv"><div class="rh ab"><a class="ri ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/nuclear?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="rj fj cx rk ge rl rm bf b bg z bk rn">Nuclear</div></a></div><div class="rh ab"><a class="ri ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/accident?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="rj fj cx rk ge rl rm bf b bg z bk rn">Accident</div></a></div><div class="rh ab"><a class="ri ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/epr?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="rj fj cx rk ge rl rm bf b bg z bk rn">Epr</div></a></div><div class="rh ab"><a class="ri ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/astec?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="rj fj cx rk ge rl rm bf b bg z bk rn">Astec</div></a></div><div class="rh ab"><a class="ri ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/fukushima?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="rj fj cx rk ge rl rm bf b bg z bk rn">Fukushima</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="l"></div><footer class="ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw ab q rx ry c"><div class="l ae"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ab cp rz"><div class="ab q ke"><div class="sa l"><span class="l sb sc sd e d"><div class="ab q ke kf"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj kg kh ki kj"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fp%2Ff82c1d15ed58&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%25C3%25A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%25C5%2593ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;user=Dragonfeu&amp;userId=7398e98dfa8&amp;source=---footer_actions--f82c1d15ed58---------------------clap_footer-----------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="kk ao kl km kn ko am kp kq kr kj"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l ks kt ku kv kw kx ky"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="kz">--</span></p></div></div></span><span class="l h g f se sf"><div class="ab q ke kf"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj kg kh ki kj"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fp%2Ff82c1d15ed58&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%25C3%25A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%25C5%2593ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;user=Dragonfeu&amp;userId=7398e98dfa8&amp;source=---footer_actions--f82c1d15ed58---------------------clap_footer-----------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="kk ao kl km kn ko am kp kq kr kj"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l ks kt ku kv kw kx ky"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="kz">--</span></p></div></div></span></div><div class="bq ab"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ao kk la lb ab q fk lc ld" aria-label="responses"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="le"><path d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ab q"><div class="ob l is"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerBookmarkButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Ff82c1d15ed58&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%25C3%25A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%25C5%2593ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;source=---footer_actions--f82c1d15ed58---------------------bookmark_footer-----------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="du lg" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div><div class="ob l is"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="footerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al lh an ao ap ex li lj ld lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer><div class="sg sh si sj sk l bx"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="cl ab sl cp"><div class="ab ia"><a rel="noopener follow" href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---post_author_info--f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><div class="l sm sn by so ie"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Dragonfeu" class="l fd by sp sq cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:144:144/1*60DUNHT6Ctkb28GK-A_ymg.jpeg" width="72" height="72" loading="lazy"/><div class="if by l sp sq fs n ig ft"></div></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d"><div class="ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z ep rj eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa au fb fc fd bm fe ff">Follow</button></span><div class="dt l"><div><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="l"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=%2F_%2Fapi%2Fusers%2F7398e98dfa8%2Flazily-enable-writer-subscription&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;user=Dragonfeu&amp;userId=7398e98dfa8&amp;source=---post_author_info--f82c1d15ed58---------------------subscribe_user-----------"><button class="bf b bg z su am sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" aria-label="Subscribe"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 38 38" class="sr ss st"><rect width="0.5" height="6.5" x="26.25" y="9.25" rx="0.25"></rect><rect width="0.5" height="6.5" x="29.75" y="12.25" rx="0.25" transform="rotate(90 29.75 12.25)"></rect><path d="M19.5 12.5h-7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v11a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h13a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-5"></path><path d="M11.5 14.5 19 20l4-3"></path></svg></button></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab cn cp"><div class="l"><div class="ab q"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab q" rel="noopener follow" href="/@dragonfeu?source=post_page---post_author_info--f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><h2 class="pw-author-name bf td te tf tg bk"><span class="gn ix">Written by <!-- -->Dragonfeu</span></h2></a></div><div class="rh ab"><div class="l is"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b bg z bk"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar il" rel="noopener follow" href="/@dragonfeu/followers?source=post_page---post_author_info--f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------">3 Followers</a></span></div></div><div class="th l"><p class="bf b bg z bk"><span class="gn">Cf @Draagonfire2 sur twitter pour les infos.</span></p></div></div><div class="h k"><div class="ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z ep rj eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa au fb fc fd bm fe ff">Follow</button></span><div class="dt l"><div><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="l"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=%2F_%2Fapi%2Fusers%2F7398e98dfa8%2Flazily-enable-writer-subscription&amp;operation=register&amp;redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40dragonfeu%2Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58&amp;user=Dragonfeu&amp;userId=7398e98dfa8&amp;source=---post_author_info--f82c1d15ed58---------------------subscribe_user-----------"><button class="bf b bg z su am sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" aria-label="Subscribe"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 38 38" class="sr ss st"><rect width="0.5" height="6.5" x="26.25" y="9.25" rx="0.25"></rect><rect width="0.5" height="6.5" x="29.75" y="12.25" rx="0.25" transform="rotate(90 29.75 12.25)"></rect><path d="M19.5 12.5h-7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v11a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h13a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-5"></path><path d="M11.5 14.5 19 20l4-3"></path></svg></button></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ti bh tj tk tl tm tn to"></div></div></div><div class="h k j"><div class="ti bh tj tp"></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="tq ab ke iv"><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://help.medium.com/hc/en-us?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Help</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://medium.statuspage.io/?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Status</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/about?autoplay=1&amp;source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">About</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/jobs-at-medium/work-at-medium-959d1a85284e?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">Careers</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="pressinquiries@medium.com?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Press</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://blog.medium.com/?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Blog</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-privacy-policy-f03bf92035c9?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Privacy</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-terms-of-service-9db0094a1e0f?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Terms</p></a></div><div class="tr ts l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://speechify.com/medium?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Text to speech</p></a></div><div class="tr l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/business?source=post_page-----f82c1d15ed58--------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">Teams</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__BUILD_ID__="main-20241101-141657-368ddd3325"</script><script>window.__GRAPHQL_URI__ = "https://medium.com/_/graphql"</script><script>window.__PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"algolia":{"queries":{}},"cache":{"experimentGroupSet":true,"reason":"","group":"enabled","tags":["group-edgeCachePosts","post-f82c1d15ed58","user-7398e98dfa8"],"serverVariantState":"44136fa355b3678a1146ad16f7e8649e94fb4fc21fe77e8310c060f61caaff8a","middlewareEnabled":true,"cacheStatus":"DYNAMIC","shouldUseCache":true,"vary":[],"lohpSummerUpsellEnabled":false,"publicationHierarchyEnabled":false},"client":{"hydrated":false,"isUs":false,"isNativeMedium":false,"isSafariMobile":false,"isSafari":false,"isFirefox":false,"routingEntity":{"type":"DEFAULT","explicit":false},"viewerIsBot":false},"debug":{"requestId":"dd28a3a6-b4c6-4249-9fd6-2f144a43e3f4","hybridDevServices":[],"originalSpanCarrier":{"traceparent":"00-eb892db08d8c90c6fed51c76159a914e-96012494de564fe5-01"}},"multiVote":{"clapsPerPost":{}},"navigation":{"branch":{"show":null,"hasRendered":null,"blockedByCTA":false},"hideGoogleOneTap":false,"hasRenderedAlternateUserBanner":null,"currentLocation":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@dragonfeu\u002Fstratégie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-cœur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58","host":"medium.com","hostname":"medium.com","referrer":"","hasSetReferrer":false,"susiModal":{"step":null,"operation":"register"},"postRead":false,"partnerProgram":{"selectedCountryCode":null},"queryString":"","currentHash":""},"config":{"nodeEnv":"production","version":"main-20241101-141657-368ddd3325","target":"production","productName":"Medium","publicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-client.medium.com\u002Flite","authDomain":"medium.com","authGoogleClientId":"216296035834-k1k6qe060s2tp2a2jam4ljdcms00sttg.apps.googleusercontent.com","favicon":"production","glyphUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fglyph.medium.com","branchKey":"key_live_ofxXr2qTrrU9NqURK8ZwEhknBxiI6KBm","algolia":{"appId":"MQ57UUUQZ2","apiKeySearch":"394474ced050e3911ae2249ecc774921","indexPrefix":"medium_","host":"-dsn.algolia.net"},"recaptchaKey":"6Lfc37IUAAAAAKGGtC6rLS13R1Hrw_BqADfS1LRk","recaptcha3Key":"6Lf8R9wUAAAAABMI_85Wb8melS7Zj6ziuf99Yot5","recaptchaEnterpriseKeyId":"6Le-uGgpAAAAAPprRaokM8AKthQ9KNGdoxaGUvVp","datadog":{"applicationId":"6702d87d-a7e0-42fe-bbcb-95b469547ea0","clientToken":"pub853ea8d17ad6821d9f8f11861d23dfed","rumToken":"pubf9cc52896502b9413b68ba36fc0c7162","context":{"deployment":{"target":"production","tag":"main-20241101-141657-368ddd3325","commit":"368ddd33257676ac7efa246a2596cb30755c7d31"}},"datacenter":"us"},"googleAnalyticsCode":"G-7JY7T788PK","googlePay":{"apiVersion":"2","apiVersionMinor":"0","merchantId":"BCR2DN6TV7EMTGBM","merchantName":"Medium","instanceMerchantId":"13685562959212738550"},"applePay":{"version":3},"signInWallCustomDomainCollectionIds":["3a8144eabfe3","336d898217ee","61061eb0c96b","138adf9c44c","819cc2aaeee0"],"mediumMastodonDomainName":"me.dm","mediumOwnedAndOperatedCollectionIds":["8a9336e5bb4","b7e45b22fec3","193b68bd4fba","8d6b8a439e32","54c98c43354d","3f6ecf56618","d944778ce714","92d2092dc598","ae2a65f35510","1285ba81cada","544c7006046e","fc8964313712","40187e704f1c","88d9857e584e","7b6769f2748b","bcc38c8f6edf","cef6983b292","cb8577c9149e","444d13b52878","713d7dbc99b0","ef8e90590e66","191186aaafa0","55760f21cdc5","9dc80918cc93","bdc4052bbdba","8ccfed20cbb2"],"tierOneDomains":["medium.com","thebolditalic.com","arcdigital.media","towardsdatascience.com","uxdesign.cc","codeburst.io","psiloveyou.xyz","writingcooperative.com","entrepreneurshandbook.co","prototypr.io","betterhumans.coach.me","theascent.pub"],"topicsToFollow":["d61cf867d93f","8a146bc21b28","1eca0103fff3","4d562ee63426","aef1078a3ef5","e15e46793f8d","6158eb913466","55f1c20aba7a","3d18b94f6858","4861fee224fd","63c6f1f93ee","1d98b3a9a871","decb52b64abf","ae5d4995e225","830cded25262"],"topicToTagMappings":{"accessibility":"accessibility","addiction":"addiction","android-development":"android-development","art":"art","artificial-intelligence":"artificial-intelligence","astrology":"astrology","basic-income":"basic-income","beauty":"beauty","biotech":"biotech","blockchain":"blockchain","books":"books","business":"business","cannabis":"cannabis","cities":"cities","climate-change":"climate-change","comics":"comics","coronavirus":"coronavirus","creativity":"creativity","cryptocurrency":"cryptocurrency","culture":"culture","cybersecurity":"cybersecurity","data-science":"data-science","design":"design","digital-life":"digital-life","disability":"disability","economy":"economy","education":"education","equality":"equality","family":"family","feminism":"feminism","fiction":"fiction","film":"film","fitness":"fitness","food":"food","freelancing":"freelancing","future":"future","gadgets":"gadgets","gaming":"gaming","gun-control":"gun-control","health":"health","history":"history","humor":"humor","immigration":"immigration","ios-development":"ios-development","javascript":"javascript","justice":"justice","language":"language","leadership":"leadership","lgbtqia":"lgbtqia","lifestyle":"lifestyle","machine-learning":"machine-learning","makers":"makers","marketing":"marketing","math":"math","media":"media","mental-health":"mental-health","mindfulness":"mindfulness","money":"money","music":"music","neuroscience":"neuroscience","nonfiction":"nonfiction","outdoors":"outdoors","parenting":"parenting","pets":"pets","philosophy":"philosophy","photography":"photography","podcasts":"podcast","poetry":"poetry","politics":"politics","privacy":"privacy","product-management":"product-management","productivity":"productivity","programming":"programming","psychedelics":"psychedelics","psychology":"psychology","race":"race","relationships":"relationships","religion":"religion","remote-work":"remote-work","san-francisco":"san-francisco","science":"science","self":"self","self-driving-cars":"self-driving-cars","sexuality":"sexuality","social-media":"social-media","society":"society","software-engineering":"software-engineering","space":"space","spirituality":"spirituality","sports":"sports","startups":"startup","style":"style","technology":"technology","transportation":"transportation","travel":"travel","true-crime":"true-crime","tv":"tv","ux":"ux","venture-capital":"venture-capital","visual-design":"visual-design","work":"work","world":"world","writing":"writing"},"defaultImages":{"avatar":{"imageId":"1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png","height":150,"width":150},"orgLogo":{"imageId":"7*V1_7XP4snlmqrc_0Njontw.png","height":110,"width":500},"postLogo":{"imageId":"bd978bb536350a710e8efb012513429cabdc4c28700604261aeda246d0f980b7","height":810,"width":1440},"postPreviewImage":{"imageId":"1*hn4v1tCaJy7cWMyb0bpNpQ.png","height":386,"width":579}},"collectionStructuredData":{"8d6b8a439e32":{"name":"Elemental","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F980\u002F1*9ygdqoKprhwuTVKUM0DLPA@2x.png","width":980,"height":159}}},"3f6ecf56618":{"name":"Forge","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F596\u002F1*uULpIlImcO5TDuBZ6lm7Lg@2x.png","width":596,"height":183}}},"ae2a65f35510":{"name":"GEN","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F264\u002F1*RdVZMdvfV3YiZTw6mX7yWA.png","width":264,"height":140}}},"88d9857e584e":{"name":"LEVEL","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*JqYMhNX6KNNb2UlqGqO2WQ.png","width":540,"height":108}}},"7b6769f2748b":{"name":"Marker","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F383\u002F1*haCUs0wF6TgOOvfoY-jEoQ@2x.png","width":383,"height":92}}},"444d13b52878":{"name":"OneZero","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*cw32fIqCbRWzwJaoQw6BUg.png","width":540,"height":123}}},"8ccfed20cbb2":{"name":"Zora","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*tZUQqRcCCZDXjjiZ4bDvgQ.png","width":540,"height":106}}}},"embeddedPostIds":{"coronavirus":"cd3010f9d81f"},"sharedCdcMessaging":{"COVID_APPLICABLE_TAG_SLUGS":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES_FOR_TOPIC_PAGE":[],"COVID_MESSAGES":{"tierA":{"text":"For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":66,"end":73,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"tierB":{"text":"Anyone can publish on Medium per our Policies, but we don’t fact-check every story. For more info about the coronavirus, see cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":37,"end":45,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Fcategories\u002F201931128-Policies-Safety"},{"start":125,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"paywall":{"text":"This article has been made free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":56,"end":70,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":138,"end":145,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"unbound":{"text":"This article is free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":45,"end":59,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":127,"end":134,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]}},"COVID_BANNER_POST_ID_OVERRIDE_WHITELIST":["3b31a67bff4a"]},"sharedVoteMessaging":{"TAGS":["politics","election-2020","government","us-politics","election","2020-presidential-race","trump","donald-trump","democrats","republicans","congress","republican-party","democratic-party","biden","joe-biden","maga"],"TOPICS":["politics","election"],"MESSAGE":{"text":"Find out more about the U.S. election results here.","markups":[{"start":46,"end":50,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcookpolitical.com\u002F2020-national-popular-vote-tracker"}]},"EXCLUDE_POSTS":["397ef29e3ca5"]},"embedPostRules":[],"recircOptions":{"v1":{"limit":3},"v2":{"limit":8}},"braintreeClientKey":"production_zjkj96jm_m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","braintree":{"enabled":true,"merchantId":"m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","merchantAccountId":{"usd":"AMediumCorporation_instant","eur":"amediumcorporation_EUR","cad":"amediumcorporation_CAD"},"publicKey":"ds2nn34bg2z7j5gd","braintreeEnvironment":"production","dashboardUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.braintreegateway.com\u002Fmerchants","gracePeriodDurationInDays":14,"mediumMembershipPlanId":{"monthly":"ce105f8c57a3","monthlyV2":"e8a5e126-792b-4ee6-8fba-d574c1b02fc5","monthlyWithTrial":"d5ee3dbe3db8","monthlyPremium":"fa741a9b47a2","yearly":"a40ad4a43185","yearlyV2":"3815d7d6-b8ca-4224-9b8c-182f9047866e","yearlyStaff":"d74fb811198a","yearlyWithTrial":"b3bc7350e5c7","yearlyPremium":"e21bd2c12166","monthlyOneYearFree":"e6c0637a-2bad-4171-ab4f-3c268633d83c","monthly25PercentOffFirstYear":"235ecc62-0cdb-49ae-9378-726cd21c504b","monthly20PercentOffFirstYear":"ba518864-9c13-4a99-91ca-411bf0cac756","monthly15PercentOffFirstYear":"594c029b-9f89-43d5-88f8-8173af4e070e","monthly10PercentOffFirstYear":"c6c7bc9a-40f2-4b51-8126-e28511d5bdb0","monthlyForStudents":"629ebe51-da7d-41fd-8293-34cd2f2030a8","yearlyOneYearFree":"78ba7be9-0d9f-4ece-aa3e-b54b826f2bf1","yearly25PercentOffFirstYear":"2dbb010d-bb8f-4eeb-ad5c-a08509f42d34","yearly20PercentOffFirstYear":"47565488-435b-47f8-bf93-40d5fbe0ebc8","yearly15PercentOffFirstYear":"8259809b-0881-47d9-acf7-6c001c7f720f","yearly10PercentOffFirstYear":"9dd694fb-96e1-472c-8d9e-3c868d5c1506","yearlyForStudents":"e29345ef-ab1c-4234-95c5-70e50fe6bc23","monthlyCad":"p52orjkaceei","yearlyCad":"h4q9g2up9ktt"},"braintreeDiscountId":{"oneMonthFree":"MONTHS_FREE_01","threeMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_03","sixMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_06","fiftyPercentOffOneYear":"FIFTY_PERCENT_OFF_ONE_YEAR"},"3DSecureVersion":"2","defaultCurrency":"usd","providerPlanIdCurrency":{"4ycw":"usd","rz3b":"usd","3kqm":"usd","jzw6":"usd","c2q2":"usd","nnsw":"usd","q8qw":"usd","d9y6":"usd","fx7w":"cad","nwf2":"cad"}},"paypalClientId":"AXj1G4fotC2GE8KzWX9mSxCH1wmPE3nJglf4Z2ig_amnhvlMVX87otaq58niAg9iuLktVNF_1WCMnN7v","paypal":{"host":"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.paypal.com:443","clientMode":"production","serverMode":"live","webhookId":"4G466076A0294510S","monthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-9WR0658853113943TMU5FDQA","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-7N8963881P8875835MU5JOPQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oneYearGift":{"name":"Medium Membership (1 Year, Digital Gift Code)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Gift codes can be redeemed at medium.com\u002Fredeem.","price":"50.00","currency":"USD","sku":"membership-gift-1-yr"},"oldMonthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-96U02458LM656772MJZUVH2Y","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-59P80963JF186412JJZU3SMI","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"monthlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-66C21969LR178604GJPVKUKY","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-6XW32684EX226940VKCT2MFA","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oldMonthlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-4N046520HR188054PCJC7LJI","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-7A4913502Y5181304CJEJMXQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"sdkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paypal.com\u002Fsdk\u002Fjs"},"stripePublishableKey":"pk_live_7FReX44VnNIInZwrIIx6ghjl","log":{"json":true,"level":"info"},"imageUploadMaxSizeMb":25,"staffPicks":{"title":"Staff Picks","catalogId":"c7bc6e1ee00f"}},"session":{"xsrf":""}}</script><script>window.__APOLLO_STATE__ = {"ROOT_QUERY":{"__typename":"Query","viewer":null,"collectionByDomainOrSlug({\"domainOrSlug\":\"medium.com\"})":null,"postResult({\"id\":\"f82c1d15ed58\"})":{"__ref":"Post:f82c1d15ed58"}},"LinkedAccounts:7398e98dfa8":{"__typename":"LinkedAccounts","mastodon":null,"id":"7398e98dfa8"},"UserViewerEdge:userId:7398e98dfa8-viewerId:lo_46e7c50e4a11":{"__typename":"UserViewerEdge","id":"userId:7398e98dfa8-viewerId:lo_46e7c50e4a11","isFollowing":false,"isUser":false,"isMuting":false},"User:7398e98dfa8":{"__typename":"User","id":"7398e98dfa8","linkedAccounts":{"__ref":"LinkedAccounts:7398e98dfa8"},"isSuspended":false,"imageId":"1*60DUNHT6Ctkb28GK-A_ymg.jpeg","mediumMemberAt":0,"verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false},"name":"Dragonfeu","socialStats":{"__typename":"SocialStats","followerCount":3},"username":"dragonfeu","customDomainState":null,"hasSubdomain":false,"bio":"Cf @Draagonfire2 sur twitter pour les infos.","isPartnerProgramEnrolled":false,"viewerEdge":{"__ref":"UserViewerEdge:userId:7398e98dfa8-viewerId:lo_46e7c50e4a11"},"viewerIsUser":false,"newsletterV3":null,"postSubscribeMembershipUpsellShownAt":0,"userPostCounts({\"includeResponsesCount\":true})":null,"membership":null,"allowNotes":true,"twitterScreenName":""},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_0":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_0","name":"4be3","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_1":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_1","name":"aefd","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (nota: article écrit en septembre 2024). Autrement dit la réaction en chaîne a été, et pour la première fois dans son cœur, auto-entretenue, permettant un équilibre neutronique.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":104,"end":141,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_2":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_2","name":"4685","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Ce fameux EPR présente de grandes avancées en sûreté nucléaire, toujours afin de limiter les rejets dans l’environnement en cas d’accident. Alors aujourd’hui, l’accident grave! On va parler de corium, de récupérateur à corium (core catcher), de stratégie de mitigation et de codes de calcul. Ce que je souhaite faire avec cet article c’est vous expliquer en premier lieu la physique d’une fusion du cœur et ensuite la modélisation qui y est associée.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":177,"end":291,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":193,"end":199,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":227,"end":239,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_3":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_3","name":"09e4","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Mais alors, comment les ingénieurs en sûreté nucléaire ont-ils réussi à gérer une substance bien pire que la lave ? Le corium, un magma à faire pâlir Hadès, autochauffant, ultra corrosif, à très haute température, ne laissant aucune chance à la plupart des matériaux qu’il rencontre. Possiblement la pire substance artificielle jamais fabriquée sur cette Terre (avec les agents neurotoxiques)…","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":115,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png","originalHeight":471,"originalWidth":948,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_4":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_4","name":"3003","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png"},"text":"La lave est une substance similaire au corium sur beaucoup d’aspects, mais le corium est… encore pire.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_5":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_5","name":"3a12","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Les réacteurs de génération III, comme l’EPR (ou l’EPR2), prennent en compte la gestion des accidents graves dès la conception. Je vais donc vous expliquer comment la stratégie de mitigation des accidents graves est conçue sur le réacteur EPR (notez que ce sera vraisemblablement la même sur EPR2, qui est une optimisation de l’EPR).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_6":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_6","name":"0530","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"L’accident grave de référence sur un réacteur à eau, est la fusion du cœur. Un évènement (une brèche par exemple), a pour conséquence directe un combustible qui n’est plus sous eau, donc plus refroidit, et il commence à chauffer, jusqu’à fondre. C’est ce qui s’est passé à Fukushima et Three Miles Island (fusion partielle), occasionnant des rejets dans l’environnement.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":273,"end":282,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fsavoir-comprendre\u002Fcrise\u002Faccident-fukushima-daiichi-japon-2011","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":286,"end":304,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fsavoir-comprendre\u002Fsurete\u002Fderoulement-laccident-0","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":273,"end":283,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":286,"end":305,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg","originalHeight":490,"originalWidth":490,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_7":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_7","name":"031d","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*R7R5WF5O-tznduZZ.jpg"},"text":"EPR de Flamanville. Crédit: Framatome","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":28,"end":37,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.framatome.com\u002Ffr\u002Fclients\u002Fnucleaire\u002Fflamanville-3\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_8":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_8","name":"b107","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Avant de commencer, un rappel sur les trois barrières de confinement. Dans la suite de l’article, la 1ère et la 2ème barrière vont céder, et l’objectif sera de préserver la troisième, afin d’éviter des rejets à l’extérieur.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX","originalHeight":469,"originalWidth":692,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_9","name":"32a7","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*hJdTyHIMSxkzowlX"},"text":"Crédit: EDF","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":8,"end":11,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cli-gravelines.fr\u002Fla-centrale-de-gravelines\u002Fpresentation-de-la-centrale\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_10":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_10","name":"c968","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I\u002F Phénoménologie d’un accident grave sur EPR","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_11":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_11","name":"525c","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I.1\u002F Dégradation du cœur","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_12":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_12","name":"b845","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Le soleil se lève sur le site de Flamanville. Le vent souffle sur les plaines de la Bretag.. euh de la Normandie. Le réacteur EPR de Flamanville est à pleine puissance (1600MWe, ça envoie). Une bien belle journée. Et là, une énorme brèche sur le circuit primaire! On appelle ça un APRP (Accident de Perte du Réfrigérant Primaire). Rien ne marche, ni refroidissement, ni électricité, le primaire se vide inexorablement. Il y a de moins en moins d’eau autour des crayons combustible, cf. (2) du schéma ci-dessous. Les gaines du combustible commencent à s’oxyder. C’est très exothermique, donc le combustible chauffe fort (oxydation zirconium + hafnium principalement), on produit de la vapeur d’eau et du dihydrogène. Le combustible et sa gaine fondent, alors que le niveau d’eau continue à baisser. Cette mixture infernale, au-delà des 2400°C, contenant le combustible, la gaine, l’acier des structures et autres joyeusetés, est appelée un corium.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":939,"end":945,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":46,"end":90,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":287,"end":328,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":939,"end":945,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png","originalHeight":484,"originalWidth":945,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_13":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_13","name":"8822","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*xcZjQK8hEfk0OGoyvuVLjA.png"},"text":"Conditions initiales [1], cœur dénoyé partiellement [2], cœur dénoyé fusion en cours [3]. Crédit: IRSN","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_14":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_14","name":"7189","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Bon, je vais aller vite. Maintenant le cœur a fondu intégralement et il est dans le fond de cuve. Commence alors une série de phénomènes dans le corium qui vont venir attaquer l’acier de la cuve (pour les curieux, la cuve est en acier 16MND5, un acier de compétition, merci le RCC-M). La brèche a mis de l’eau dans l’enceinte et on a produit du dihydrogène pendant l’accident.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_15":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_15","name":"189d","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Maintenant on va se donner trois contraintes supplémentaires, pour préserver l’enceinte de confinement, et garder toutes les saletés à l’intérieur, parce qu’on ne veut pas de rejets atmosphériques !","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":27,"end":103,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_16":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_16","name":"6f56","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"On veut contrôler l’échauffement dans l’enceinte.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":49,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_17":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_17","name":"ddb7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Pour ne pas chauffer l’enceinte il y a deux choses. Déjà, on ne veut pas que la cuve perce à haute pression, sinon le corium est étalé façon spray (sans rire), et vient attaquer l’enceinte. Et pour éviter une percée de la cuve à haute pression (supérieure à 15 bar), il faut dépressuriser la cuve, avec une soupape ultime (comme sur votre cocotte minute). Vous constaterez que la vanne dédiée à la gestion en AG est redondée, ce qui permet de diminuer la probabilité de défaillance de cette ligne de dépressurisation.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png","originalHeight":325,"originalWidth":468,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_18":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_18","name":"d2dd","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*BkefLhWFwOfYhjaQr_ZFng.png"},"text":"Crédit: IRSN","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_19":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_19","name":"2374","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Ensuite il faut contrôler la puissance thermique dans l’enceinte, c’est le système EVU (Evacuation Ultime de la puissance dans l’enceinte). Cela consiste simplement à asperger de l’eau froide à l’intérieur de l’enceinte. Une douche pour réacteur nucléaire. Cela sert aussi à faire retomber les radionucléides volatils dans l’enceinte.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png","originalHeight":618,"originalWidth":1016,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_20":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_20","name":"7e6e","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*52odtp_1Boboejuf.png"},"text":"Crédit: EDF","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_21":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_21","name":"aeba","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"2. On ne veut pas d’explosion hydrogène (type Fukushima) dans l’enceinte.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":73,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_22":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_22","name":"055f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Dans l’enceinte il y a de l’air, de la vapeur d’eau, et maintenant de l’H2. Pour éviter l’explosion hydrogène, il faut consommer l’H2, afin de sortir des zones colorées du diagramme de Saphiro (ci-dessous). C’est le principe des recombineurs autocatalytiques passifs à hydrogène, qui comme leur nom l’indique, n’ont pas besoin d’électricité pour fonctionner.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png","originalHeight":349,"originalWidth":453,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_23":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_23","name":"5acb","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*bCstNg4HvBtiWtcP18vLTg.png"},"text":"Recombineur autocatalytique passif à dihydrogène.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png","originalHeight":327,"originalWidth":373,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_24":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_24","name":"2c19","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*ho1R4dJ41jGxMxCHd2sJQg.png"},"text":"Diagramme de Saphiro","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_25":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_25","name":"2d14","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"3. On ne veut pas d’explosion de vapeur dans l’enceinte.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":56,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_26":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_26","name":"3085","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"L’eau liquide dans l’enceinte ne doit pas toucher le corium, sous peine d’une explosion de vapeur. Pour ça, c’est simple il faut séparer les deux.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png","originalHeight":373,"originalWidth":476,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_27":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_27","name":"8120","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*yqJzEOmRI3KTX-ZPYGakvw.png"},"text":"Séparation de l’eau et du core catcher.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_28":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_28","name":"094e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Maintenant qu’on a nos systèmes pour protéger l’enceinte, il est temps de péter la cuve. Je ne vais pas détailler les phénomènes favorables qui permettent de maintenir la tenue mécanique de la cuve. On postule que sous l’effet des contraintes mécaniques (déformation) et des flux thermiques du corium (fluage), la cuve finit par se briser. Je dis « on postule » car ce n’est pas systématiquement l’approche retenue.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":89,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_29":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_29","name":"72e0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Il y a plusieurs configurations possibles du corium en fond de cuve. Ce qu’on observe est une stratification du corium entre la couche d’oxyde et celle de métal léger. L’intuition amène à penser que la haute température du corium vient ablater la cuve. Cela est vrai au-delà de 2700°C, mais en dessous une croûte se forme en paroi, limitant les échanges thermiques. En revanche, la couche de métal léger très chaude reçoit de l’énergie de la couche d’oxyde, et transmet l’énergie à la face interne de la cuve, sur une faible surface relative “focusing effect”. Elle est, d’après les expériences, la couche responsable de la rupture de la cuve.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":543,"end":559,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_30":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_30","name":"0a04","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Je précise que c’est l’approche pénalisante retenue, la façon dont cela arrive nous intéresse assez peu ici car on part du principe que la cuve va rompre. L’étude des corium comporte son lot d’incertitudes et les expériences représentatives sont complexes à réaliser.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png","originalHeight":361,"originalWidth":636,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_31":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_31","name":"e96f","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*FDxHkbBZIKEy8tsZwPS5Bg.png"},"text":"Stratification du corium en fond de cuve possible.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_32":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_32","name":"2d25","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"D’autres pays estiment qu’ils peuvent maintenir le corium dans la cuve. On ne distingue finalement que deux approches :","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_33":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_33","name":"0ff4","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Rétention du corium en cuve (In Vessel Retention, IVR) associé à des moyens de réfrigération externe de la cuve (type External Reactor Vessel Cooling, ERVC). Retenue sur AP1000 et APR1400.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":29,"end":48,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":118,"end":149,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_34":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_34","name":"9763","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Rétention du corium hors cuve. Retenue sur EPR\u002FEPR2, et les VVER-1200 récents.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":31,"end":51,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_35":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_35","name":"1138","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I.2\u002F L’interaction corium béton","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_36":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_36","name":"f1f0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"On a désormais notre corium chaud qui tombe dans le fond du bâtiment réacteur. On arrive bientôt au core catcher, patience !","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":100,"end":112,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_37":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_37","name":"0834","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Une fois tombé, il arrive sur un béton dit « sacrificiel ». Ce béton a vocation à être abalté par le corium pour modifier les propriétés physico-chimiques du corium. Durant cette phase, le corium érode ce béton sur environ 50 cm d’épaisseur avant de couler dans le canal de décharge qui relie le puits de cuve à « la chambre d’étalement ». Les mouvements convectifs au sein du corium mélangent le béton et le corium, le rendant plus fluide, plus homogène et moins visqueux afin de faciliter son écoulement par la suite. Si plusieurs coulées successives de corium surviennent, elles convergent toutes dans ce béton de manière à obtenir un corium homogène et un seul écoulement vers la chambre d’étalement. On appelle ça l’interation corium béton (ICB).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png","originalHeight":471,"originalWidth":760,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_38":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_38","name":"e67f","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*a9BqPHsyV-bAo0C79Szwkw.png"},"text":"Crédit: IRSN","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"MediaResource:aae2b56c746313ab1b3f7d895895c19e":{"__typename":"MediaResource","id":"aae2b56c746313ab1b3f7d895895c19e","iframeSrc":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.embedly.com\u002Fwidgets\u002Fmedia.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FhTjv6Ts_LzM%3Ffeature%3Doembed&display_name=YouTube&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhTjv6Ts_LzM&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FhTjv6Ts_LzM%2Fhqdefault.jpg&key=a19fcc184b9711e1b4764040d3dc5c07&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=youtube","iframeHeight":480,"iframeWidth":640,"title":"Animation depicting Argonne experiment in which corium disintegrates concrete"},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_39":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_39","name":"76d6","type":"IFRAME","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":null,"text":"ICB.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":{"__typename":"Iframe","mediaResource":{"__ref":"MediaResource:aae2b56c746313ab1b3f7d895895c19e"}},"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_40":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_40","name":"129c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Une fois que le corium a ablaté sur toute une épaisseur, il faut maintenir la structure de l’enceinte en état, et on installe donc sous cette couche de béton sacrificiel des matériaux réfractaires (qui résistent à des très hautes températures avec une faible déformation relative). Cette couche est appelée la zircone (ZETTRAL-95GR), et mesure de 10 à 14 cm d’épaisseur.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_41":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_41","name":"d8fe","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Une fois que le béton est ablaté complètement dans le sens vertical, le corium arrive sur un bouchon de métal, c’est un composant dont le rôle est celui d’un fusible. Il est la dernière étape avant le canal de décharge. Ce fusible est conçu pour se rompre relativement rapidement au contact du corium en assurant une section de passage suffisamment large pour permettre une coulée rapide de la totalité du corium vers la chambre d’étalement.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png","originalHeight":599,"originalWidth":761,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_42":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_42","name":"2e33","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*T0TfHrMQoXXXwzbCrjhosw.png"},"text":"Schéma complet du core catcher. Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_43":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_43","name":"3fc1","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"La composition chimique du béton est très importante car l’ablation va générer des gaz incondensables qui peuvent faire monter la pression dans l’enceinte. C’est le cas du CO2 issu de la calcination du calcaire, par exemple. Ainsi sur EPR, la procédure U5 a été abandonnée grâce à une fiabilisation de l’ICB. Sur le parc, cette procédure permet de dépressuriser l’enceinte en expulsant à l’atmosphère une partie des gaz préalablement nettoyés dans un filtre sable.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":243,"end":255,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fsavoir-comprendre\u002Fsurete\u002F6-ans-apres-laccident-suivi-regulier-modifications-programme-experimental#:~:text=la%20proc%C3%A9dure%20U5%2C%20qui%20a,proc%C3%A9dant%20%C3%A0%20des%20rejets%20filtr%C3%A9s.","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":52,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_44":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_44","name":"cd2f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Note: En principe, les chargements mécaniques de l’enceinte sont limités par conception. Mais il est possible qu’il y ait des rejets très minimes malgré tout sur EPR.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_45":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_45","name":"bb08","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I.3\u002F Interaction corium zircone","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_46":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_46","name":"7757","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Cette partie sera assez simple, puisque l’objectif est de faire interagir le moins longtemps possible le corium avec la zircone. La zircone est ce qu’on appelle un matériau réfractaire à la chaleur. C’est-à-dire qu’il ne fond pas, et se déforme relativement peu, même à des hautes températures (inférieures à environ 1700°C, tout dépend du matériau).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":164,"end":184,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMat%C3%A9riau_r%C3%A9fractaire","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":164,"end":197,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_47":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_47","name":"9561","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Une fois que le bouchon fusible a rompu, il faut emmener le corium jusque dans la chambre d’étalement le plus vite possible. A noter, la zircone a une forte inertie thermique, ce qui nous arrange pour ne pas dégrader outre mesure le bâtiment réacteur par contact prolongé, même si ce n’est pas censé arriver (toujours prendre des marges). Ainsi, une conduite entièrement tapissé en briques de zircone remplit ce rôle d’évacuation rapide du corium. C’est un tuyau d’évacuation pour corium.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":102,"end":123,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_48":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_48","name":"1a82","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I.4\u002F Corium dans la chambre d’étalement","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_49":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_49","name":"0346","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Cette étape, la dernière, consiste à neutraliser le corium une bonne fois pour toute.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_50":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_50","name":"e0d5","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"une géométrie empêchant le retour en criticité (déjà rendu complexe par la dilution dans le béton sacrificiel),","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_51":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_51","name":"5ce1","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"un système pour refroidir le corium par-dessous et par-dessus.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_52":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_52","name":"2ba6","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Le corium arrive dans la chambre d’étalement qui a une surface d’environ 170 m2. Le corium chaud, en coulant dans la conduite d’évacuation va couper un fil, ce qui déclenche l’ouverture d’une trappe ouvrant une arrivée d’eau gravitaire d’eau provenant du réservoir IRWST (In containment Refueling Water System Tank). Ce système est intégralement passif, ni électricité, ni intervention humaine nécessaire. Cette eau commence par remplir les canaux horizontaux situés sous la chambre d’étalement. Les éléments du plancher contiennent des canaux de refroidissement horizontaux de sections rectangulaires. L’intérieur de la chambre d’étalement est recouvert d’une couche de béton sacrificiel qui a la même fonction que le béton du puits de cuve, mais cette fois-ci il sert aussi à protéger temporairement la couche protectrice.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":272,"end":314,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png","originalHeight":592,"originalWidth":518,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_53":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_53","name":"51c9","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*2KwlGcw32GEjG8HRp2f2Yw.png"},"text":"Chambre d’étalement. Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_54":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_54","name":"19af","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Le corium va s’étaler dans cette chambre. C’est de la physique complexe (que je ne vais pas détailler ici). Cet étalement est piloté par la compétition entre les forces hydrodynamiques et les changements de viscosité du corium (rhéologie) dus à son refroidissement. La géométrie de cette chambre d’étalement est conçue pour optimiser l’étalement, et ainsi limiter l’épaisseur du corium, le rendant sous-critique et le préparant au renoyage en surface par-dessus.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_55":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_55","name":"12cc","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"L’eau, froide donc, arrivant gravitairement de l’IRWST, vient noyer le corium très chaud, donc il y a création de vapeur (beaucoup de vapeur) sur les premiers instants du noyage. Cette vapeur est recondensée par le système EVU (la Force d’Action Rapide Nucléaire -FARN- est capable d’alimenter ce circuit depuis qu’elle est prévenue de l’accident grave).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_56":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_56","name":"ad7e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Une fois que la croûte se forme en surface du corium, il y a une vaporisation très limitée, et une fois le niveau d’eau atteint suffisant, le corium est définitivement stabilisé.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png","originalHeight":569,"originalWidth":730,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_57":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_57","name":"300d","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*V3ByLTUdt8YT_oUs2Wse0Q.png"},"text":"Schéma d’un angle de la chambre d’étalement du corium. Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_58":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_58","name":"d264","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Pour conclure cette partie, une vidéo de présentation du core catcher de l’EPR de Flamanville.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":57,"end":70,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"MediaResource:50334385bbddfaf24d99e4a39d966bb6":{"__typename":"MediaResource","id":"50334385bbddfaf24d99e4a39d966bb6","iframeSrc":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.embedly.com\u002Fwidgets\u002Fmedia.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FZEDkyjS97EM%3Ffeature%3Doembed&display_name=YouTube&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZEDkyjS97EM&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FZEDkyjS97EM%2Fhqdefault.jpg&key=a19fcc184b9711e1b4764040d3dc5c07&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=youtube","iframeHeight":480,"iframeWidth":854,"title":"EPR de Flamanville : le récupérateur de corium, une amélioration à la sûreté de conception"},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_59":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_59","name":"8334","type":"IFRAME","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":null,"text":"Présentation de la construction du core catcher par EDF.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":35,"end":48,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":{"__typename":"Iframe","mediaResource":{"__ref":"MediaResource:50334385bbddfaf24d99e4a39d966bb6"}},"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7","originalHeight":1333,"originalWidth":2000,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_60":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_60","name":"89e1","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*-BaP_aooe3kpbSY7"},"text":"Chambre d’étalement terminée sur l’EPR FA3. Crédit: EDF-EPR sur X.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":52,"end":65,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fx.com\u002FEDFEPR\u002Fstatus\u002F1488165234510602245","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_61":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_61","name":"bc37","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"II\u002F Modélisation d’un accident grave","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":36,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_62":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_62","name":"28e3","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"On ne peut pas faire une expérience avec les mêmes conditions qu’un réacteur nucléaire, pour des raisons économiques, techniques et réglementaires. Alors on simule ça dans des codes de calcul. Un code de calcul ce sont des choix de modélisations, des incertitudes et donc ça se valide, sinon ça ne vaut pas grand-chose.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":272,"end":284,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_63":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_63","name":"91d6","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Et ça se valide avec des expériences ! Les ingénieurs ne sont pas toujours derrière un ordinateur, l’approche empirique est indispensable ! Mais tu viens de dire qu’on ne faisait pas d’expériences réalistes ? Et oui, car on étudie chaque phase d’un accident grave séparément. Voyez ça comme des images qu’on imbrique entre elles. A la fin, l’ensemble des images forment un film, qui modélise un accident grave intégralement, ce qui permet in fine de contourner l’obstacle que représente l’impossibilité d’une expérience réaliste. Et comment on réalise ce film ? Avec un code de calcul intégral !","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":124,"end":138,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":264,"end":274,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":439,"end":446,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_64":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_64","name":"c83b","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Présentation d’ASTEC","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":20,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_65":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_65","name":"dd76","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"ASTEC, pour Accident Source Term Evaluation Code, est développé par l’Institut de Radioprotection de de Sûreté Nucléaire, l’IRSN. C’est un code dit « intégral» c’est-à-dire qu’il simule toutes les étapes d’un accident grave. Cela comprend:","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":12,"end":48,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":70,"end":121,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_66":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_66","name":"c24e","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"La thermohydraulique du circuit : module CESAR, proche du code de référence en thermohydraulique CATHARE, développé par le Comissarait à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":97,"end":104,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcathare.cea.fr\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":123,"end":184,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_67":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_67","name":"6c41","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"La dégradation du cœur : module ICARE ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_68":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_68","name":"ed76","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"L’interaction corium béton : module MEDICIS ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_69":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_69","name":"280c","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"La chimie, la physique, le transport des gaz, aérosols et des produits de fission dans l’enceinte : modules SOPHAEROS, ISODOP, COVI ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_70":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_70","name":"7ec6","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Les systèmes de sureté : module SYSINT ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_71":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_71","name":"bd24","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"La thermohydraulique de l’enceinte : module CPA ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_72":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_72","name":"7b1d","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Le comportement des produits de fission : module ELSA ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_73":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_73","name":"98e2","type":"ULI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"L’évaluation des doses : module DOSE.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png","originalHeight":651,"originalWidth":776,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_74":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_74","name":"b57c","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*RLIofjCDlaOG4KpqdHri1A.png"},"text":"Les différents modules d’ASTEC. Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_75":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_75","name":"5d22","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Vous trouverez plus d’infos sur : https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Frecherche\u002Fsysteme-logiciels-astec. Voici également une courte présentation vidéo du code ASTEC, qui est désormais un code de référence en Europe sur les accidents graves des REP.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":34,"end":87,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Frecherche\u002Fsysteme-logiciels-astec","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":167,"end":232,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"MediaResource:61c77130d27e0e5c1676a214d19a68ff":{"__typename":"MediaResource","id":"61c77130d27e0e5c1676a214d19a68ff","iframeSrc":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.embedly.com\u002Fwidgets\u002Fmedia.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fembed%2FUbpqOx-R1w8%3Ffeature%3Doembed&display_name=YouTube&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUbpqOx-R1w8&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FUbpqOx-R1w8%2Fhqdefault.jpg&key=a19fcc184b9711e1b4764040d3dc5c07&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=youtube","iframeHeight":480,"iframeWidth":854,"title":"Le logiciel de simulation ASTEC"},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_76":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_76","name":"ba36","type":"IFRAME","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":null,"text":"Présentation vidéo d’ASTEC","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":26,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":{"__typename":"Iframe","mediaResource":{"__ref":"MediaResource:61c77130d27e0e5c1676a214d19a68ff"}},"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_77":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_77","name":"f76f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Un code intégral doit répondre aux exigences suivantes :","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_78":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_78","name":"2fcc","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"- Calculer de façon exhaustive les phénomènes physiques intervenant lors d’un accident de fusion du cœur, en maintenant un compromis temps de calcul\u002Fprécision ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_79":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_79","name":"ea07","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"- simuler le comportement des principaux systèmes de sûreté du réacteur, afin de se placer dans des conditions similaires à celles d’un réacteur en accidentel, et tester différents scénarios de disponibilités des systèmes ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_80":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_80","name":"0b4e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"- traiter complètement les couplages entre phénomènes, par exemple le refroidissement du corium dans le puits de cuve, en cours d’interaction corium-béton, par rayonnement et par convection dans l’enceinte de confinement ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_81":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_81","name":"cf03","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"- être découpé en module indépendant, pour faciliter notamment les comparaisons avec des résultats expérimentaux et ainsi valider les modules ;","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_82":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_82","name":"bd91","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"- Etre rapide malgré sa grande taille (de 400 000 à 500 000 instructions et 1 000 à 1 500 sous-programmes). C’est très important qu’il puisse pouvoir calculer plus vite que le temps réel, afin de tester un grand nombre de scénarios.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_83":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_83","name":"061b","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Fonctionnement d’ASTEC","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":22,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_84":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_84","name":"d7b7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Pour expliquer (très) rapidement, le logiciel ASTEC a besoin de données d’entrée, c’est-à-dire les géométries, les matériaux et les conditions physico-chimiques initiales de l’ensemble du réacteur. Ces données sont fournies par l’ingénieur d’étude en accident grave.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_85":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_85","name":"1c06","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"A chaque pas de temps, ASTEC calcule l’évolution des paramètres physiques et chimiques. Dans un code intégral, il y a une articulation de tous les modules, avec un ordre d’exécution. On peut activer ou désactiver certains, selon le besoin, sachant que le nombre de modules impliqués augmente le temps de calcul !","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png","originalHeight":788,"originalWidth":529,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_86":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_86","name":"af77","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*eTmPXUnYlkBha3CUkd9zcA.png"},"text":"Comment fonctionne ASTEC à chaque pas de temps du calcul. Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_87":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_87","name":"bb34","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In fine, ce qui intéresse l’ingénieur en sûreté nucléaire, ce sont les post-traitements des variables suivies ! Ci-dessous, un exemple de visualisation du cœur d’un REP-900MWe d’EDF. Ce que vous voyez est un post-traitement selon le temps des champs de température. Ce qu’il se passe dans cette séquence est une dégradation du cœur, vous voyez le niveau d’eau baisser progressivement jusqu’à être remplacé par le corium en fond de cuve. Vous constaterez que sur la 3ème image, la cuve a cassé au niveau de la couche de métal léger, à cause du focusing effect expliqué en partie I !","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":10,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":543,"end":559,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png","originalHeight":336,"originalWidth":945,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_88":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_88","name":"4dbe","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*zF9mCPNrdduBhtW5o3B_lg.png"},"text":"Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_89":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_89","name":"7b7c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Validation d’ASTEC","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":18,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_90":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_90","name":"4117","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Comme expliqué plus tôt, un code est une tentative de représentation du réel, il est donc nécessaire de le valider par comparaison avec... et bien le réel. Notez qu’on peut aussi valider un code en le comparant à des codes déjà validés. Par exemple le module thermohydraulique d’ASTEC, CESAR, est validé par comparaison avec le logiciel de référence CATHARE. Je ne vais pas m’attarder dessus.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":350,"end":357,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcadarache.cea.fr\u002Fcad\u002FDocuments\u002FEntreprises\u002FValorisation\u002FRencontres-CEA-Industrie\u002F11eme\u002F42-FM-f-CATHARE%20V%2006%2011%2017.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_91":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_91","name":"6880","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Le principe d’une validation empirique c’est de faire une expérience, de la modéliser dans le code de calcul le plus fidèlement possible, et de comparer les résultats issus des observations et des capteurs avec la simulation numérique. On constate souvent des écarts, l’objectif c’est de les réduire le plus possible tout en étant capable de dire pourquoi il y a des écarts et combien ils valent. ASTEC (en V2) est validé par un panel d’expériences assez immense, depuis 1990 et sans arrêt depuis. Cette validation s’appuie sur plus de 160 essais dans le monde entier, en particulier sur les essais Phébus, cf. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fsavoir-comprendre\u002Fsurete\u002Fprogramme-recherche-phebus-pf-0.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":611,"end":687,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fsavoir-comprendre\u002Fsurete\u002Fprogramme-recherche-phebus-pf-0","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png","originalHeight":399,"originalWidth":635,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_92":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_92","name":"39fa","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*7I4QJzUPnNG044i98XIMWw.png"},"text":"Exemple de comparaison.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_93":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_93","name":"7df3","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Les essais Phébus constituent une grande base de validation des modules CESAR & ICARE (thermohydraulique et dynamique de dégradation) et SOPHAEROS (comportement des produits de fission).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":72,"end":85,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Flarecherche\u002Foutils-scientifiques\u002Fcodes-de-calcul\u002Ficare.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":137,"end":146,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Fpage\u002Ffission-product-transport-modelling-astec-integral-code-sophaeros-module","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png","originalHeight":896,"originalWidth":715,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_94":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_94","name":"c148","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*Czs5OR9nKXm4WCbxkOlgDw.png"},"text":"Liste des essais Phébus.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_95":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_95","name":"58c7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Il y a eu plein d’autres validations et l’objectif n’est pas de toutes les lister. Vous trouverez une liste des expériences menées sur ce lien: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Frecherche\u002Fsysteme-logiciels-astec#validation","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":144,"end":208,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irsn.fr\u002Frecherche\u002Fsysteme-logiciels-astec#validation","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_96":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_96","name":"cfc3","type":"H4","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Autre code utilisé en accident grave","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":36,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_97":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_97","name":"f614","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"ASTEC ne modélise pas la phase finale dans la chambre d’étalement de l’EPR. Pour cela, des programmes spécifiques ont été menés à l’international, avec des expériences passionnantes. L’objectif étant d’avoir une compréhension fine du phénomène d’étalement du corium, de son refroidissement, puis de son noyage. Les logiciels français sont respectivement THEMA (code CEA) qui calcule la cinétique de solidification du corium (en masse et en croûtes) ainsi que l’érosion du substrat. Et CROCO (code IRSN) qui permet une modélisation détaillée de la convection dans l’écoulement. Un grand nombre d’essais ont été menés, le plus impressionnant étant l’essai VULCANO, comme montré ci-dessous.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png","originalHeight":545,"originalWidth":945,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_98":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_98","name":"5162","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*6YGczfyC8-4kDQXoWoIkQw.png"},"text":"Crédit: IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_99":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_99","name":"363b","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Il est ressorti de l’ensemble de ces programmes de R&D que l’étalement à sec du corium de REP permet son refroidissement ultérieur car l’épaisseur de corium atteinte est suffisamment faible. Ainsi, l’approche retenue sur EPR est validée expérimentalement. Des incertitudes subsistent sur la capacité d’une nappe de corium à s’étaler sous eau, c’est pour cela que l’EPR fait le choix d’étaler le corium à sec en séparant physiquement eau et corium.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_100":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_100","name":"5b4d","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Conclusion","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_101":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_101","name":"4a14","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Voilà comment on gère un accident grave sur l’EPR. J’ai volontairement éclipsé beaucoup de sujets sur le comportent des produits de fissions dans l’enceinte, sur les différentes possibilités de stratification du corium. J’ai aussi fait le choix de focaliser sur l’EPR alors qu’il existe aussi d’autres stratégies sur les autres réacteurs du parc de génération II (Les CP, P4\u002FP’4 et N4). J’ai également restreint aux REP français, sans analyser les autres stratégies équivalentes sur VVER, AP1000, ou APR1400. Je n’ai pas non plus parlé des filières à eau lourde (CANDU), bouillantes (BWR, ABWR), rapides (SPX) ou encore des filières thermiques (HTR & VHTR) et à sels fondus (MSFR). Chaque technologie, présente une stratégie adaptée. Tous les futurs réacteurs devront quoiqu’il en soit prendre en compte les accidents graves en compte.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":483,"end":487,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_VVER","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":489,"end":495,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_AP1000","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":500,"end":507,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAPR-1400","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":563,"end":568,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_CANDU","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":584,"end":587,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_%C3%A0_eau_bouillante","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":589,"end":593,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_ABWR","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":605,"end":608,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperph%C3%A9nix","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":651,"end":655,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_nucl%C3%A9aire_%C3%A0_tr%C3%A8s_haute_temp%C3%A9rature","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":675,"end":679,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffr.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FR%C3%A9acteur_nucl%C3%A9aire_%C3%A0_sels_fondus","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":734,"end":834,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_102":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_102","name":"870a","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Je vous donne mes sources sur ce lien (attention il n’est valable que 7 jours). Tout est public et trouvable sur le site de l’ASN et\u002Fou de l’IRSN.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":30,"end":37,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwe.tl\u002Ft-Ubd7Pil4Np","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_103":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_103","name":"debb","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Annexe","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":6,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png","originalHeight":430,"originalWidth":629,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:1f114c102279_104":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"1f114c102279_104","name":"db7f","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*1Iepu71t1QQjOppTrNy7OQ.png"},"text":"","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"PostViewerEdge:postId:f82c1d15ed58-viewerId:lo_46e7c50e4a11":{"__typename":"PostViewerEdge","shouldIndexPostForExternalSearch":true,"id":"postId:f82c1d15ed58-viewerId:lo_46e7c50e4a11"},"Tag:nuclear":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"nuclear","displayTitle":"Nuclear","normalizedTagSlug":"nuclear"},"Tag:accident":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"accident","displayTitle":"Accident","normalizedTagSlug":"accident"},"Tag:epr":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"epr","displayTitle":"Epr","normalizedTagSlug":"epr"},"Tag:astec":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"astec","displayTitle":"Astec","normalizedTagSlug":"astec"},"Tag:fukushima":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"fukushima","displayTitle":"Fukushima","normalizedTagSlug":"fukushima"},"Post:f82c1d15ed58":{"__typename":"Post","id":"f82c1d15ed58","collection":null,"content({\"postMeteringOptions\":{}})":{"__typename":"PostContent","isLockedPreviewOnly":false,"bodyModel":{"__typename":"RichText","sections":[{"__typename":"Section","name":"fa0e","startIndex":0,"textLayout":null,"imageLayout":null,"backgroundImage":null,"videoLayout":null,"backgroundVideo":null},{"__typename":"Section","name":"d8b0","startIndex":10,"textLayout":null,"imageLayout":null,"backgroundImage":null,"videoLayout":null,"backgroundVideo":null},{"__typename":"Section","name":"b3a2","startIndex":61,"textLayout":null,"imageLayout":null,"backgroundImage":null,"videoLayout":null,"backgroundVideo":null}],"paragraphs":[{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_0"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_1"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_2"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_3"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_4"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_5"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_6"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_7"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_8"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_9"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_10"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_11"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_12"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_13"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_14"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_15"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_16"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_17"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_18"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_19"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_20"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_21"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_22"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_23"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_24"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_25"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_26"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_27"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_28"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_29"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_30"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_31"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_32"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_33"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_34"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_35"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_36"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_37"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_38"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_39"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_40"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_41"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_42"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_43"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_44"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_45"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_46"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_47"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_48"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_49"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_50"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_51"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_52"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_53"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_54"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_55"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_56"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_57"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_58"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_59"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_60"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_61"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_62"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_63"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_64"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_65"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_66"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_67"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_68"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_69"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_70"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_71"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_72"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_73"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_74"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_75"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_76"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_77"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_78"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_79"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_80"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_81"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_82"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_83"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_84"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_85"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_86"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_87"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_88"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_89"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_90"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_91"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_92"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_93"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_94"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_95"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_96"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_97"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_98"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_99"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_100"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_101"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_102"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_103"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:1f114c102279_104"}]},"validatedShareKey":"","shareKeyCreator":null},"creator":{"__ref":"User:7398e98dfa8"},"inResponseToEntityType":null,"isLocked":false,"isMarkedPaywallOnly":false,"lockedSource":"LOCKED_POST_SOURCE_NONE","mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@dragonfeu\u002Fstrat%C3%A9gie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-c%C5%93ur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58","primaryTopic":null,"topics":[],"isPublished":true,"latestPublishedVersion":"1f114c102279","visibility":"PUBLIC","postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":0},"clapCount":0,"allowResponses":true,"isLimitedState":false,"title":"Stratégie de mitigation de l’accident de fusion du cœur sur l’EPR.","isSeries":false,"sequence":null,"uniqueSlug":"stratégie-de-mitigation-de-laccident-de-fusion-du-cœur-sur-l-epr-f82c1d15ed58","socialTitle":"","socialDek":"","canonicalUrl":"","metaDescription":"","latestPublishedAt":1726411751972,"readingTime":14.129245283018868,"previewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"J’imagine si vous avez cliqué sur cet article, vous savez que l’EPR de Flamanville vient de “diverger” (nota: article écrit en septembre…"},"previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*J0BNk7bnCfDUgRr3K6y_bw.png"},"isShortform":false,"seoTitle":"","firstPublishedAt":1725799878703,"updatedAt":1726411754417,"shortformType":"SHORTFORM_TYPE_LINK","seoDescription":"","viewerEdge":{"__ref":"PostViewerEdge:postId:f82c1d15ed58-viewerId:lo_46e7c50e4a11"},"isSuspended":false,"license":"ALL_RIGHTS_RESERVED","tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:nuclear"},{"__ref":"Tag:accident"},{"__ref":"Tag:epr"},{"__ref":"Tag:astec"},{"__ref":"Tag:fukushima"}],"isNewsletter":false,"statusForCollection":null,"pendingCollection":null,"detectedLanguage":"fr","wordCount":3254,"layerCake":0}}</script><script>window.__MIDDLEWARE_STATE__={"session":{"xsrf":""},"cache":{"cacheStatus":"HIT"}}</script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/manifest.24f082fe.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9865.1496d74a.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/main.e66fdbd5.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/instrumentation.d9108df7.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/reporting.ff22a7a5.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5049.d1ead72d.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4810.6318add7.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6618.db187378.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/1386.90da86c2.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9977.5b3eb23a.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/719.0e220795.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5250.9f9e01d2.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6349.b071a958.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2648.26563adf.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8393.826a25fb.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/1443.a8a73f48.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3735.afb7e926.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5642.cee3e6b2.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6546.cd03f950.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6834.08de95de.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/1781.db373833.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2420.2a5e2d95.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/839.ca7937c2.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7975.d195c6f1.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2106.21ff89d3.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7394.e27cfbf2.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2961.00a48598.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/230.ec2ef161.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4391.59acaed3.chunk.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/PostPage.MainContent.6aeac6a8.chunk.js"></script><script>window.main();</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8dc47fa5295c2282',t:'MTczMDU1NDQzMC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink