documentation_emacs/source/emacs/gnu.texi.fr.po

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#. type: node
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:13
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msgid "Manifesto"
msgstr ""

#. type: top
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:14 /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet
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msgid "The GNU Manifesto"
msgstr ""

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msgid "Top"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:27
msgid ""
"The GNU Manifesto which appears below was written by Richard Stallman at the "
"beginning of the GNU project, to ask for participation and support.  For the "
"first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, "
"but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:31
msgid ""
"Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that "
"different wording could help avoid.  Footnotes added in 1993 help clarify "
"these points."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:35
msgid ""
"For up-to-date information about available GNU software, please see our web "
"site, @uref{https://www.gnu.org}.  For software tasks and other ways to "
"contribute, see @uref{https://www.gnu.org/help}."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:37
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msgid "What's GNU@?  Gnu's Not Unix!"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:57
msgid ""
"GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete "
"Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it "
"away free to everyone who can use it.@footnote{The wording here was "
"careless.  The intention was that nobody would have to pay for "
"@emph{permission} to use the GNU system.  But the words don't make this "
"clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should "
"always be distributed at little or no charge.  That was never the intent; "
"later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the "
"service of distribution for a profit.  Subsequently I have learned to "
"distinguish carefully between ``free'' in the sense of freedom and ``free'' "
"in the sense of price.  Free software is software that users have the "
"freedom to distribute and change.  Some users may obtain copies at no "
"charge, while others pay to obtain copies---and if the funds help support "
"improving the software, so much the better.  The important thing is that "
"everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using "
"it.} Several other volunteers are helping me.  Contributions of time, money, "
"programs and equipment are greatly needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:70
msgid ""
"So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a "
"source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and "
"around 35 utilities.  A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed.  A "
"new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released "
"this year.  An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to "
"emulate Unix.  When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be "
"possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development.  We "
"will use @TeX{} as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on.  We "
"will use the free, portable X window system as well.  After this we will add "
"a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other "
"things, plus on-line documentation.  We hope to supply, eventually, "
"everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:80
msgid ""
"GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix.  "
"We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience "
"with other operating systems.  In particular, we plan to have longer file "
"names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, file name completion "
"perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a "
"Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary "
"Unix programs can share a screen.  Both C and Lisp will be available as "
"system programming languages.  We will try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, "
"and Internet protocols for communication."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:85
msgid ""
"GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual "
"memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on.  The extra "
"effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants "
"to use it on them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:88
msgid ""
"To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the ``G'' in the word ``GNU'' "
"when it is the name of this project."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:89
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msgid "Why I Must Write GNU"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:100
msgid ""
"I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must "
"share it with other people who like it.  Software sellers want to divide the "
"users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others.  I "
"refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way.  I cannot in good "
"conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.  "
"For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such "
"tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: "
"I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me "
"against my will."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:105
msgid ""
"So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to "
"put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to "
"get along without any software that is not free.  I have resigned from the "
"AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:106
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msgid "Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:112
msgid ""
"Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad.  The essential features "
"of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks "
"without spoiling them.  And a system compatible with Unix would be "
"convenient for many other people to adopt."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:113
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msgid "How GNU Will Be Available"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:119
msgid ""
"GNU is not in the public domain.  Everyone will be permitted to modify and "
"redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further "
"redistribution.  That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be "
"allowed.  I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free."
msgstr ""

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msgid "Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:124
msgid ""
"I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to "
"help."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:135
msgid ""
"Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system "
"software.  It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them to "
"feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel as "
"comrades.  The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the "
"sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used essentially "
"forbid programmers to treat others as friends.  The purchaser of software "
"must choose between friendship and obeying the law.  Naturally, many decide "
"that friendship is more important.  But those who believe in law often do "
"not feel at ease with either choice.  They become cynical and think that "
"programming is just a way of making money."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:142
msgid ""
"By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can be "
"hospitable to everyone and obey the law.  In addition, GNU serves as an "
"example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing.  This "
"can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use software that "
"is not free.  For about half the programmers I talk to, this is an important "
"happiness that money cannot replace."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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msgid "How You Can Contribute"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:147
msgid ""
"I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.  I'm "
"asking individuals for donations of programs and work."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:152
msgid ""
"One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run "
"on them at an early date.  The machines should be complete, ready to use "
"systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of "
"sophisticated cooling or power."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:165
msgid ""
"I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for "
"GNU@.  For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard "
"to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together.  But "
"for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  A "
"complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is "
"documented separately.  Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix "
"compatibility.  If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a "
"single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a "
"Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together.  Even "
"allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these "
"components will be a feasible task.  (The kernel will require closer "
"communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:172
msgid ""
"If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part "
"time.  The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but I'm looking "
"for people for whom building community spirit is as important as making "
"money.  I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their "
"full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in "
"another way."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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msgid "Why All Computer Users Will Benefit"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:181
msgid ""
"Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software "
"free, just like air.@footnote{This is another place I failed to distinguish "
"carefully between the two different meanings of ``free.'' The statement as "
"it stands is not false---you can get copies of GNU software at no charge, "
"from your friends or over the net.  But it does suggest the wrong idea.}"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:186
msgid ""
"This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license.  "
"It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be "
"avoided.  This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:192
msgid ""
"Complete system sources will be available to everyone.  As a result, a user "
"who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself, or "
"hire any available programmer or company to make them for him.  Users will "
"no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the "
"sources and is in sole position to make changes."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:199
msgid ""
"Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by "
"encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.  Harvard's "
"computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on "
"the system if its sources were not on public display, and upheld it by "
"actually refusing to install certain programs.  I was very much inspired by "
"this."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:202
msgid ""
"Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what "
"one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:213
msgid ""
"Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including licensing of "
"copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome "
"mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, which programs) a "
"person must pay for.  And only a police state can force everyone to obey "
"them.  Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great "
"cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the "
"metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can "
"afford to pay the air bill.  And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you "
"ever take the mask off are outrageous.  It's better to support the air plant "
"with a head tax and chuck the masks."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:216
msgid ""
"Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as "
"breathing, and as productive.  It ought to be as free."
msgstr ""

#. type: unnumberedsec
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msgid "Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:222
msgid ""
"``Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't rely on "
"any support.''"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:225
msgid "``You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:230
msgid ""
"If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without "
"service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU "
"free ought to be profitable.@footnote{Several such companies now exist.}"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:235
msgid ""
"We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work and "
"mere handholding.  The former is something one cannot rely on from a "
"software vendor.  If your problem is not shared by enough people, the vendor "
"will tell you to get lost."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:244
msgid ""
"If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way is to "
"have all the necessary sources and tools.  Then you can hire any available "
"person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any individual.  "
"With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most "
"businesses.  With GNU this will be easy.  It is still possible for there to "
"be no available competent person, but this problem cannot be blamed on "
"distribution arrangements.  GNU does not eliminate all the world's problems, "
"only some of them."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:248
msgid ""
"Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need handholding: "
"doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don't know "
"how."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:256
msgid ""
"Such services could be provided by companies that sell just hand-holding and "
"repair service.  If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a "
"product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having "
"got the product free.  The service companies will compete in quality and "
"price; users will not be tied to any particular one.  Meanwhile, those of us "
"who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying "
"for the service."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:260
msgid ""
"``You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must charge for "
"the program to support that.''"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:262
msgid "``It's no use advertising a program people can get free.''"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:271
msgid ""
"There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to "
"inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU@.  But it may be "
"true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising.  If this "
"is really so, a business which advertises the service of copying and mailing "
"GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its advertising and "
"more.  This way, only the users who benefit from the advertising pay for it."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:284
msgid ""
"On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such "
"companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really "
"necessary to spread GNU@.  Why is it that free market advocates don't want "
"to let the free market decide this?@footnote{The Free Software Foundation "
"raises most of its funds from a distribution service, although it is a "
"charity rather than a company.  If @emph{no one} chooses to obtain copies by "
"ordering from the FSF, it will be unable to do its work.  But this does not "
"mean that proprietary restrictions are justified to force every user to "
"pay.  If a small fraction of all the users order copies from the FSF, that "
"is sufficient to keep the FSF afloat.  So we ask users to choose to support "
"us in this way.  Have you done your part?}"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:288
msgid ""
"``My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive "
"edge.''"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:297
msgid ""
"GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition.  "
"You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but neither will your "
"competitors be able to get an edge over you.  You and they will compete in "
"other areas, while benefiting mutually in this one.  If your business is "
"selling an operating system, you will not like GNU, but that's tough on "
"you.  If your business is something else, GNU can save you from being pushed "
"into the expensive business of selling operating systems."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:302
msgid ""
"I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many "
"manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.@footnote{A group of "
"computer companies recently pooled funds to support maintenance of the GNU C "
"Compiler.}"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:305
msgid "``Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?''"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:312
msgid ""
"If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.  Creativity can be "
"a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the "
"results.  If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative "
"programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the "
"use of these programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:315
msgid "``Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?''"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:321
msgid ""
"There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize "
"one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive.  But "
"the means customary in the field of software today are based on destruction."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:327
msgid ""
"Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is "
"destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that the "
"program can be used.  This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity "
"derives from the program.  When there is a deliberate choice to restrict, "
"the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:335
msgid ""
"The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become "
"wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become poorer from the "
"mutual destructiveness.  This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden Rule.  Since "
"I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards information, I "
"am required to consider it wrong for one to do so.  Specifically, the desire "
"to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in "
"general of all or part of that creativity."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:338
msgid "``Won't programmers starve?''"
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:344
msgid ""
"I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer.  Most of us cannot "
"manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces.  But we "
"are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing on the street "
"making faces, and starving.  We do something else."
msgstr ""

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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:348
msgid ""
"But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's implicit "
"assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly "
"be paid a cent.  Supposedly it is all or nothing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:352
msgid ""
"The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be "
"possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as now."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:358
msgid ""
"Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.  It is "
"the most common basis because it brings in the most money.  If it were "
"prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to "
"other bases of organization which are now used less often.  There are always "
"numerous ways to organize any kind of business."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:364
msgid ""
"Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is "
"now.  But that is not an argument against the change.  It is not considered "
"an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do.  If "
"programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either.  (In "
"practice they would still make considerably more than that.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:367
msgid "``Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is used?''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:372
msgid ""
"``Control over the use of one's ideas'' really constitutes control over "
"other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more "
"difficult."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:388
msgid ""
"People who have studied the issue of intellectual property "
"rights@footnote{In the 80s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to "
"speak of ``the issue'' of ``intellectual property.'' That term is obviously "
"biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together various disparate "
"laws which raise very different issues.  Nowadays I urge people to reject "
"the term ``intellectual property'' entirely, lest it lead others to suppose "
"that those laws form one coherent issue.  The way to be clear is to discuss "
"patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.  See "
"@uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml} for more explanation of "
"how this term spreads confusion and bias.} carefully (such as lawyers) say "
"that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property.  The kinds of "
"supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were "
"created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:397
msgid ""
"For example, the patent system was established to encourage inventors to "
"disclose the details of their inventions.  Its purpose was to help society "
"rather than to help inventors.  At the time, the life span of 17 years for a "
"patent was short compared with the rate of advance of the state of the art.  "
"Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers, for whom the cost and "
"effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up production, "
"the patents often do not do much harm.  They do not obstruct most "
"individuals who use patented products."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:406
msgid ""
"The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors "
"frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction.  This "
"practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived "
"even in part.  The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of "
"encouraging authorship.  In the domain for which it was invented---books, "
"which could be copied economically only on a printing press---it did little "
"harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals who read the books."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:412
msgid ""
"All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society "
"because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole would "
"benefit by granting them.  But in any particular situation, we have to ask: "
"are we really better off granting such license? What kind of act are we "
"licensing a person to do?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:421
msgid ""
"The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred "
"years ago.  The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one "
"neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source code and object "
"code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is used rather than "
"read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who "
"enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and "
"spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the "
"law enables him to."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:424
msgid "``Competition makes things get done better.''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:433
msgid ""
"The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage "
"everyone to run faster.  When capitalism really works this way, it does a "
"good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way.  "
"If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become intent on "
"winning, no matter how, they may find other strategies---such as, attacking "
"other runners.  If the runners get into a fist fight, they will all finish "
"late."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:439
msgid ""
"Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a fist "
"fight.  Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to "
"fights; he just regulates them (``For every ten yards you run, you can fire "
"one shot'').  He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for "
"even trying to fight."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:442
msgid "``Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:448
msgid ""
"Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive.  "
"Programming has an irresistible fascination for some people, usually the "
"people who are best at it.  There is no shortage of professional musicians "
"who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:453
msgid ""
"But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate to the "
"situation.  Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become less.  So "
"the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary "
"incentive? My experience shows that they will."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:458
msgid ""
"For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the "
"Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had "
"anywhere else.  They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame and "
"appreciation, for example.  And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:461
msgid ""
"Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting work "
"for a lot of money."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:467
msgid ""
"What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than "
"riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come "
"to expect and demand it.  Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition "
"with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying "
"ones are banned."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:471
msgid ""
"``We need the programmers desperately.  If they demand that we stop helping "
"our neighbors, we have to obey.''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:475
msgid ""
"You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.  "
"Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:478
msgid "``Programmers need to make a living somehow.''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:485
msgid ""
"In the short run, this is true.  However, there are plenty of ways that "
"programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program.  "
"This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the "
"most money, not because it is the only way to make a living.  It is easy to "
"find other ways if you want to find them.  Here are a number of examples."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:488
msgid ""
"A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of "
"operating systems onto the new hardware."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:491
msgid ""
"The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance services could also "
"employ programmers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:502
msgid ""
"People with new ideas could distribute programs as "
"freeware@footnote{Subsequently we have discovered the need to distinguish "
"between ``free software'' and ``freeware''.  The term ``freeware'' means "
"software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study "
"and change the source code, so most of it is not free software.  See "
"@uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html} for more "
"explanation.}, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling "
"hand-holding services.  I have met people who are already working this way "
"successfully."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:506
msgid ""
"Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues.  A group "
"would contract with programming companies to write programs that the group's "
"members would like to use."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:508
msgid "All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:"
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:513
msgid ""
"Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the price as a "
"software tax.  The government gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend "
"on software development."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:519
msgid ""
"But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development himself, "
"he can take a credit against the tax.  He can donate to the project of his "
"own choosing---often, chosen because he hopes to use the results when it is "
"done.  He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to the total tax "
"he had to pay."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:522
msgid ""
"The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the tax, "
"weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on."
msgstr ""

#. type: quotation
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:524
msgid "The consequences:"
msgstr ""

#. type: itemize
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:528
msgid "The computer-using community supports software development."
msgstr ""

#. type: itemize
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:530
msgid "This community decides what level of support is needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: itemize
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:533
msgid ""
"Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for "
"themselves."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:543
msgid ""
"In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the post-scarcity "
"world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living.  "
"People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as "
"programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks "
"such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid "
"prospecting.  There will be no need to be able to make a living from "
"programming."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:551
msgid ""
"We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society "
"must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has "
"translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive "
"activity is required to accompany productive activity.  The main causes of "
"this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition.  Free "
"software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software "
"production.  We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity "
"to translate into less work for us."
msgstr ""