987 lines
42 KiB
Plaintext
987 lines
42 KiB
Plaintext
# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
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# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
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# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
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#
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#, fuzzy
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msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-11-07 12:11+0900\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
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"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
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"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
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"Language: \n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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#. type: node
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:13
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Manifesto"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: top
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:14 /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet
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#: OmegaT de Documentation Emacs - Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:18
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "The GNU Manifesto"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: node
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:17
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Top"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:27
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msgid ""
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"The GNU Manifesto which appears below was written by Richard Stallman at the "
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"beginning of the GNU project, to ask for participation and support. For the "
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"first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for developments, "
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"but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people have seen it."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:31
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msgid ""
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"Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that "
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"different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added in 1993 help clarify "
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"these points."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:35
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msgid ""
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"For up-to-date information about available GNU software, please see our web "
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"site, @uref{https://www.gnu.org}. For software tasks and other ways to "
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"contribute, see @uref{https://www.gnu.org/help}."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:37
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "What's GNU@? Gnu's Not Unix!"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:57
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msgid ""
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"GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete "
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"Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it "
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"away free to everyone who can use it.@footnote{The wording here was "
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"careless. The intention was that nobody would have to pay for "
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"@emph{permission} to use the GNU system. But the words don't make this "
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"clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should "
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"always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; "
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"later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the "
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"service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to "
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"distinguish carefully between ``free'' in the sense of freedom and ``free'' "
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"in the sense of price. Free software is software that users have the "
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"freedom to distribute and change. Some users may obtain copies at no "
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"charge, while others pay to obtain copies---and if the funds help support "
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"improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is that "
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"everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using "
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"it.} Several other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, "
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"programs and equipment are greatly needed."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:70
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msgid ""
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"So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a "
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"source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and "
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"around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A "
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"new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released "
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"this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to "
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"emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be "
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"possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We "
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"will use @TeX{} as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We "
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"will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add "
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"a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other "
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"things, plus on-line documentation. We hope to supply, eventually, "
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"everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:80
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msgid ""
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"GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. "
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"We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience "
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"with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer file "
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"names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, file name completion "
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"perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a "
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"Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary "
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"Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as "
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"system programming languages. We will try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, "
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"and Internet protocols for communication."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:85
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msgid ""
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"GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual "
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"memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on. The extra "
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"effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants "
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"to use it on them."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:88
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msgid ""
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"To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the ``G'' in the word ``GNU'' "
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"when it is the name of this project."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:89
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Why I Must Write GNU"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:100
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msgid ""
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"I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must "
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"share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the "
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"users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I "
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"refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good "
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"conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. "
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"For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such "
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"tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: "
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"I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me "
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"against my will."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:105
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msgid ""
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"So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to "
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"put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to "
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"get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the "
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"AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:106
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:112
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msgid ""
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"Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential features "
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"of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks "
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"without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix would be "
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"convenient for many other people to adopt."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:113
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "How GNU Will Be Available"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:119
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msgid ""
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"GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and "
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"redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further "
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"redistribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be "
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"allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:120
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:124
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msgid ""
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"I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to "
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"help."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:135
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msgid ""
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"Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system "
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"software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them to "
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"feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel as "
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"comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the "
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"sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used essentially "
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"forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The purchaser of software "
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"must choose between friendship and obeying the law. Naturally, many decide "
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"that friendship is more important. But those who believe in law often do "
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"not feel at ease with either choice. They become cynical and think that "
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"programming is just a way of making money."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:142
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msgid ""
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"By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can be "
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"hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as an "
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"example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing. This "
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"can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use software that "
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"is not free. For about half the programmers I talk to, this is an important "
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"happiness that money cannot replace."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:143
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "How You Can Contribute"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:147
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msgid ""
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"I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. I'm "
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"asking individuals for donations of programs and work."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:152
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msgid ""
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"One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run "
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"on them at an early date. The machines should be complete, ready to use "
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"systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of "
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"sophisticated cooling or power."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:165
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msgid ""
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"I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for "
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"GNU@. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard "
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"to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together. But "
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"for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A "
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"complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is "
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"documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix "
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"compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a "
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"single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a "
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"Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even "
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"allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these "
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"components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer "
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"communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:172
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msgid ""
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"If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part "
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"time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but I'm looking "
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"for people for whom building community spirit is as important as making "
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"money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their "
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"full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in "
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"another way."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:173
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Why All Computer Users Will Benefit"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:181
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msgid ""
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"Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software "
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"free, just like air.@footnote{This is another place I failed to distinguish "
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"carefully between the two different meanings of ``free.'' The statement as "
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"it stands is not false---you can get copies of GNU software at no charge, "
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"from your friends or over the net. But it does suggest the wrong idea.}"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:186
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msgid ""
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"This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license. "
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"It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be "
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"avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:192
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msgid ""
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"Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result, a user "
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"who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself, or "
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"hire any available programmer or company to make them for him. Users will "
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"no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the "
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"sources and is in sole position to make changes."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:199
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msgid ""
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"Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by "
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"encouraging all students to study and improve the system code. Harvard's "
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"computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on "
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"the system if its sources were not on public display, and upheld it by "
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"actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very much inspired by "
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"this."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:202
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msgid ""
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"Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what "
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"one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:213
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msgid ""
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"Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including licensing of "
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"copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome "
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"mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, which programs) a "
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"person must pay for. And only a police state can force everyone to obey "
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"them. Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great "
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"cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the "
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"metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can "
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"afford to pay the air bill. And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you "
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"ever take the mask off are outrageous. It's better to support the air plant "
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"with a head tax and chuck the masks."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:216
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msgid ""
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"Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as "
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"breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: unnumberedsec
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:217
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#, no-wrap
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msgid "Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:222
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msgid ""
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"``Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't rely on "
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"any support.''"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:225
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msgid "``You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support.''"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:230
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msgid ""
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"If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without "
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"service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU "
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"free ought to be profitable.@footnote{Several such companies now exist.}"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:235
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msgid ""
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"We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work and "
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"mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on from a "
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"software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough people, the vendor "
|
|
"will tell you to get lost."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:244
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way is to "
|
|
"have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any available "
|
|
"person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any individual. "
|
|
"With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most "
|
|
"businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is still possible for there to "
|
|
"be no available competent person, but this problem cannot be blamed on "
|
|
"distribution arrangements. GNU does not eliminate all the world's problems, "
|
|
"only some of them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:248
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need handholding: "
|
|
"doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don't know "
|
|
"how."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:256
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Such services could be provided by companies that sell just hand-holding and "
|
|
"repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a "
|
|
"product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having "
|
|
"got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and "
|
|
"price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us "
|
|
"who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying "
|
|
"for the service."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:260
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"``You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must charge for "
|
|
"the program to support that.''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:262
|
|
msgid "``It's no use advertising a program people can get free.''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:271
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to "
|
|
"inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU@. But it may be "
|
|
"true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising. If this "
|
|
"is really so, a business which advertises the service of copying and mailing "
|
|
"GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its advertising and "
|
|
"more. This way, only the users who benefit from the advertising pay for it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:284
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such "
|
|
"companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really "
|
|
"necessary to spread GNU@. Why is it that free market advocates don't want "
|
|
"to let the free market decide this?@footnote{The Free Software Foundation "
|
|
"raises most of its funds from a distribution service, although it is a "
|
|
"charity rather than a company. If @emph{no one} chooses to obtain copies by "
|
|
"ordering from the FSF, it will be unable to do its work. But this does not "
|
|
"mean that proprietary restrictions are justified to force every user to "
|
|
"pay. If a small fraction of all the users order copies from the FSF, that "
|
|
"is sufficient to keep the FSF afloat. So we ask users to choose to support "
|
|
"us in this way. Have you done your part?}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:288
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"``My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive "
|
|
"edge.''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:297
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition. "
|
|
"You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but neither will your "
|
|
"competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and they will compete in "
|
|
"other areas, while benefiting mutually in this one. If your business is "
|
|
"selling an operating system, you will not like GNU, but that's tough on "
|
|
"you. If your business is something else, GNU can save you from being pushed "
|
|
"into the expensive business of selling operating systems."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:302
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many "
|
|
"manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.@footnote{A group of "
|
|
"computer companies recently pooled funds to support maintenance of the GNU C "
|
|
"Compiler.}"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:305
|
|
msgid "``Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:312
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be "
|
|
"a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the "
|
|
"results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative "
|
|
"programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the "
|
|
"use of these programs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:315
|
|
msgid "``Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:321
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize "
|
|
"one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive. But "
|
|
"the means customary in the field of software today are based on destruction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:327
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is "
|
|
"destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that the "
|
|
"program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity "
|
|
"derives from the program. When there is a deliberate choice to restrict, "
|
|
"the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:335
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become "
|
|
"wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become poorer from the "
|
|
"mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden Rule. Since "
|
|
"I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards information, I "
|
|
"am required to consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the desire "
|
|
"to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in "
|
|
"general of all or part of that creativity."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:338
|
|
msgid "``Won't programmers starve?''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:344
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot "
|
|
"manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces. But we "
|
|
"are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing on the street "
|
|
"making faces, and starving. We do something else."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:348
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's implicit "
|
|
"assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly "
|
|
"be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:352
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be "
|
|
"possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as now."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:358
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. It is "
|
|
"the most common basis because it brings in the most money. If it were "
|
|
"prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to "
|
|
"other bases of organization which are now used less often. There are always "
|
|
"numerous ways to organize any kind of business."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:364
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is "
|
|
"now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not considered "
|
|
"an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do. If "
|
|
"programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either. (In "
|
|
"practice they would still make considerably more than that.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:367
|
|
msgid "``Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is used?''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:372
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"``Control over the use of one's ideas'' really constitutes control over "
|
|
"other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more "
|
|
"difficult."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:388
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"People who have studied the issue of intellectual property "
|
|
"rights@footnote{In the 80s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to "
|
|
"speak of ``the issue'' of ``intellectual property.'' That term is obviously "
|
|
"biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps together various disparate "
|
|
"laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject "
|
|
"the term ``intellectual property'' entirely, lest it lead others to suppose "
|
|
"that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear is to discuss "
|
|
"patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately. See "
|
|
"@uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml} for more explanation of "
|
|
"how this term spreads confusion and bias.} carefully (such as lawyers) say "
|
|
"that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of "
|
|
"supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were "
|
|
"created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:397
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the patent system was established to encourage inventors to "
|
|
"disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was to help society "
|
|
"rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life span of 17 years for a "
|
|
"patent was short compared with the rate of advance of the state of the art. "
|
|
"Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers, for whom the cost and "
|
|
"effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up production, "
|
|
"the patents often do not do much harm. They do not obstruct most "
|
|
"individuals who use patented products."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:406
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors "
|
|
"frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction. This "
|
|
"practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived "
|
|
"even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of "
|
|
"encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was invented---books, "
|
|
"which could be copied economically only on a printing press---it did little "
|
|
"harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals who read the books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:412
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society "
|
|
"because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole would "
|
|
"benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we have to ask: "
|
|
"are we really better off granting such license? What kind of act are we "
|
|
"licensing a person to do?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:421
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred "
|
|
"years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one "
|
|
"neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source code and object "
|
|
"code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is used rather than "
|
|
"read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who "
|
|
"enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and "
|
|
"spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the "
|
|
"law enables him to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:424
|
|
msgid "``Competition makes things get done better.''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:433
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage "
|
|
"everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this way, it does a "
|
|
"good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way. "
|
|
"If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become intent on "
|
|
"winning, no matter how, they may find other strategies---such as, attacking "
|
|
"other runners. If the runners get into a fist fight, they will all finish "
|
|
"late."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:439
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a fist "
|
|
"fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to "
|
|
"fights; he just regulates them (``For every ten yards you run, you can fire "
|
|
"one shot''). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for "
|
|
"even trying to fight."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:442
|
|
msgid "``Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:448
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. "
|
|
"Programming has an irresistible fascination for some people, usually the "
|
|
"people who are best at it. There is no shortage of professional musicians "
|
|
"who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:453
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate to the "
|
|
"situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become less. So "
|
|
"the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary "
|
|
"incentive? My experience shows that they will."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:458
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the "
|
|
"Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had "
|
|
"anywhere else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame and "
|
|
"appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:461
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting work "
|
|
"for a lot of money."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:467
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than "
|
|
"riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come "
|
|
"to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition "
|
|
"with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying "
|
|
"ones are banned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:471
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"``We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping "
|
|
"our neighbors, we have to obey.''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:475
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. "
|
|
"Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: quotation
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:478
|
|
msgid "``Programmers need to make a living somehow.''"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:485
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that "
|
|
"programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program. "
|
|
"This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the "
|
|
"most money, not because it is the only way to make a living. It is easy to "
|
|
"find other ways if you want to find them. Here are a number of examples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:488
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msgid ""
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"A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of "
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"operating systems onto the new hardware."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:491
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msgid ""
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"The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance services could also "
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"employ programmers."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:502
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msgid ""
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"People with new ideas could distribute programs as "
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"freeware@footnote{Subsequently we have discovered the need to distinguish "
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"between ``free software'' and ``freeware''. The term ``freeware'' means "
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"software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to study "
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"and change the source code, so most of it is not free software. See "
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"@uref{https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html} for more "
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"explanation.}, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling "
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"hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way "
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"successfully."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:506
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msgid ""
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"Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A group "
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"would contract with programming companies to write programs that the group's "
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"members would like to use."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:508
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msgid "All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:513
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msgid ""
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"Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the price as a "
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"software tax. The government gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend "
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"on software development."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:519
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msgid ""
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"But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development himself, "
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|
"he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to the project of his "
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"own choosing---often, chosen because he hopes to use the results when it is "
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"done. He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to the total tax "
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"he had to pay."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:522
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|
msgid ""
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"The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the tax, "
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"weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: quotation
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:524
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|
msgid "The consequences:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: itemize
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
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#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:528
|
|
msgid "The computer-using community supports software development."
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msgstr ""
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|
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#. type: itemize
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:530
|
|
msgid "This community decides what level of support is needed."
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msgstr ""
|
|
|
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#. type: itemize
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:533
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for "
|
|
"themselves."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
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#. type: Plain text
|
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#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:543
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the post-scarcity "
|
|
"world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. "
|
|
"People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as "
|
|
"programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks "
|
|
"such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid "
|
|
"prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from "
|
|
"programming."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
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#. type: Plain text
|
|
#: /Users/suzume/Documents/Repositories/Projet OmegaT de Documentation Emacs -
|
|
#: Sources/doc/emacs/gnu.texi:551
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society "
|
|
"must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has "
|
|
"translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive "
|
|
"activity is required to accompany productive activity. The main causes of "
|
|
"this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. Free "
|
|
"software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software "
|
|
"production. We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity "
|
|
"to translate into less work for us."
|
|
msgstr ""
|